Editing Vampire squid (section)

{{Short description|Species of cephalopod}}
{{Speciesbox
 | image             = Vampyroteuthis illustration.jpg
 | image_caption     = 
 | status            = 
 | status_system     = 
 | status_ref        = 
 | genus             = Vampyroteuthis
 | parent_authority  = [[Carl Chun|Chun]], 1903
 | species           = infernalis
 | authority         = [[Carl Chun|Chun]], 1903
 | synonyms          = {{Specieslist
 |Cirroteuthis macrope|[[Samuel Stillman Berry|Berry]], 1911
 |Danateuthis schmidti|[[Louis Joubin|Joubin]], 1929
 |Hansenoteuthis lucens|Joubin, 1929
 |Melanoteuthis anderseni|Joubin, 1931
 |Melanoteuthis beebei|[[Guy Coburn Robson|Robson]], 1929
 |Melanoteuthis lucens|Joubin, 1912
 |Melanoteuthis schmidti|Joubin, 1929
 |Retroteuthis pacifica|Joubin, 1929
 |Watasella nigra|[[Madoka Sasaki|Sasaki]], 1920
 }}
 | synonyms_ref      = <ref name = MolluscaBase>{{cite web | author = Philippe Bouchet | year = 2018 | title = ''Vampyroteuthis infernalis'' Chun, 1903 | url = http://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141887 | access-date = 19 March 2021 | website = MolluscaBase}}</ref>
}}

The '''vampire squid''' ('''''Vampyroteuthis infernalis''''', lit. 'vampire squid from hell') is a small [[cephalopod]] found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme [[deep sea]] conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herring |first1=P. J. |last2=Dilly |first2=P. N. |last3=Cope |first3=Celia |date=1994-05-01 |title=The bioluminescent organs of the deep-sea cephalopod Vampyroteuthis infernalis (Cephalopoda: Vampyromorpha) |url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb05261.x |journal=Journal of Zoology |language=en |volume=233 |issue=1 |pages=45–55 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb05261.x |issn=0952-8369|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vampire Squid, Vampyroteuthis infernalis|url=http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=179|website=MarineBio.org}}</ref> The vampire squid uses its [[Bioluminescence|bioluminescent]] organs and its unique oxygen metabolism to thrive in the parts of the ocean with the lowest concentrations of oxygen. It has two long retractile filaments, located between the first two pairs of arms on its dorsal side,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=Richard E. |date=1967 |title=Homology of Retractile Filaments of Vampire Squid |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1721610 |journal=Science |volume=156 |issue=3782 |pages=1633–1634 |doi=10.1126/science.156.3782.1633 |jstor=1721610 |pmid=6025124 |bibcode=1967Sci...156.1633Y |s2cid=24349161 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which distinguish it from both [[octopus]]es and [[squid]]s, and places it in its own order, [[Vampyromorphida]], although its closest relatives are octopods. As a [[phylogeny|phylogenetic]] [[Relict (biology)|relict]], it is the only known surviving member of its order.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yokobori|first1=Shin-ichi|last2=Lindsay|first2=Dhugal J.|last3=Yoshida|first3=Mari|last4=Tsuchiya|first4=Kotaro|last5=Yamagishi|first5=Akihiko|last6=Maruyama|first6=Tadashi|last7=Oshima|first7=Tairo|date=August 2007|title=Mitochondrial genome structure and evolution in the living fossil vampire squid, Vampyroteuthis infernalis, and extant cephalopods|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=898–910|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.009|pmid=17596970|bibcode=2007MolPE..44..898Y }}</ref>

The first specimens were collected on the [[Valdivia Expedition]] and were originally [[Species description|described]] as an octopus in 1903 by German [[Teuthology|teuthologist]] [[Carl Chun]], but later assigned to a new order together with several extinct [[Taxon|taxa]].