Editing Ventilation (architecture) (section)

{{Short description|Intentional introduction of outside air into a space}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
[[File: AbAnbarNain2.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|An [[Ab anbar]] (water reservoir) with double domes and [[windcatcher]]s (openings near the top of the towers) in the central desert city of [[Naeen]], Iran. Windcatchers are a form of [[natural ventilation]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Malone|first=Alanna|title=The Windcatcher House|url=http://archrecord.construction.com/features/humanitariandesign/united-states/The-Windcatcher-House.asp|work=Architectural Record: Building for Social Change|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422032037/http://archrecord.construction.com/features/humanitariandesign/united-states/The-Windcatcher-House.asp|archive-date=2012-04-22}}</ref>]]

'''Ventilation''' is the intentional introduction of outdoor air into a space. Ventilation is mainly used to control [[indoor air quality]] by diluting and displacing indoor effluents and [[pollutants]]. It can also be used to control indoor temperature, humidity, and air motion to benefit [[thermal comfort]], satisfaction with other aspects of the indoor environment, or other objectives.

The intentional introduction of outdoor air is usually categorized as either mechanical ventilation, [[natural ventilation]], or [[mixed-mode ventilation]].<ref>{{cite book | author=ASHRAE | title=ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals | date=2021 | publisher=ASHRAE | location=Peachtree Corners, GA | isbn=978-1-947192-90-4 | chapter=Ventilation and Infiltration}}</ref>
* Mechanical ventilation is the intentional fan-driven flow of outdoor air into and/or out from a building. Mechanical ventilation systems may include supply fans (which push outdoor air into a building), [[Exhaust ventilation systems|exhaust]]<ref name="DOE"/> fans (which draw air out of a building and thereby cause equal ventilation flow into a building), or a combination of both (called [[balanced ventilation]] if it neither pressurizes nor depressurizes the inside air,<ref name="DOE">[https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/whole-house-ventilation Whole-House Ventilation | Department of Energy]</ref> or only slightly depressurizes it). Mechanical ventilation is often provided by equipment that is also used to heat and cool a space.
* Natural ventilation is the intentional passive flow of outdoor air into a building through planned openings (such as louvers, doors, and windows). Natural ventilation does not require mechanical systems to move outdoor air. Instead, it relies entirely on passive physical phenomena, such as [[wind pressure]], or the [[stack effect]]. Natural ventilation openings may be fixed, or adjustable.  Adjustable openings may be controlled automatically (automated), owned by occupants (operable), or a combination of both. [[Cross ventilation]] is a phenomenon of natural ventilation.
* Mixed-mode ventilation systems use both mechanical and natural processes. The mechanical and natural components may be used at the same time, at different times of day, or in different seasons of the year.<ref>de Gids W.F., Jicha M., 2010. "[http://www.aivc.org/resource/vip-32-hybrid-ventilation Ventilation Information Paper 32: Hybrid Ventilation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023431/http://www.aivc.org/resource/vip-32-hybrid-ventilation |date=2015-11-17 }}", Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC), 2010</ref> Since natural ventilation flow depends on environmental conditions, it may not always provide an appropriate amount of ventilation. In this case, mechanical systems may be used to supplement or regulate the naturally driven flow.

Ventilation is typically described as separate from infiltration.

* [[Infiltration (HVAC)|Infiltration]] is the circumstantial flow of air from outdoors to indoors through leaks (unplanned openings) in a [[building envelope]]. When a building design relies on infiltration to maintain indoor air quality, this flow has been referred to as adventitious ventilation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schiavon|first=Stefano|date=2014|title=Adventitious ventilation: a new definition for an old mode?|journal=Indoor Air|language=en|volume=24|issue=6|pages=557–558|doi=10.1111/ina.12155|pmid=25376521|issn=1600-0668|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8hm7w0bk|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014InAir..24..557S }}</ref>

The design of buildings that promote occupant health and well-being requires a clear understanding of the ways that ventilation airflow interacts with, dilutes, displaces, or introduces pollutants within the occupied space. Although ventilation is an integral component of maintaining good indoor air quality, it may not be satisfactory alone.<ref>'' ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality'', ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, US</ref> A clear understanding of both indoor and outdoor air quality parameters is needed to improve the performance of ventilation in terms of occupant health and energy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belias |first1=Evangelos |last2=Licina |first2=Dusan |title=European residential ventilation: Investigating the impact on health and energy demand |journal=Energy and Buildings |date=2024 |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113839|bibcode=2024EneBu.30413839B |doi-access=free }}</ref> In scenarios where outdoor [[air pollution|pollution]] would deteriorate indoor air quality, other treatment devices such as [[Air filtration|filtration]] may also be necessary.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belias |first1=Evangelos |last2=Licina |first2=Dusan |title=Outdoor PM2. 5 air filtration: optimising indoor air quality and energy |journal=Buildings & Cities |date=2022 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=186–203 |doi=10.5334/bc.153|doi-access=free }}</ref> In [[kitchen ventilation]] systems, or for laboratory [[fume hood]]s, the design of effective effluent capture can be more important than the bulk amount of ventilation in a space. More generally, the way that an air distribution system causes ventilation to flow into and out of a space impacts the ability of a particular ventilation rate to remove internally generated pollutants. The ability of a system to reduce pollution in space is described as its "ventilation effectiveness".  However, the overall impacts of ventilation on indoor air quality can depend on more complex factors such as the sources of pollution, and the ways that activities and airflow interact to affect occupant exposure.

An array of factors related to the design and operation of ventilation systems are regulated by various codes and standards.  Standards dealing with the design and operation of ventilation systems to achieve acceptable indoor air quality include the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers ([[ASHRAE]]) Standards 62.1 and 62.2, the International Residential Code, the [[International Mechanical Code]], and the [[Building regulations in the United Kingdom#Part F. Ventilation|United Kingdom Building Regulations Part F]].  Other standards that focus on energy conservation also impact the design and operation of ventilation systems, including ASHRAE Standard 90.1, and the [[International Energy Conservation Code]].

When indoor and outdoor conditions are favorable, increasing ventilation beyond the minimum required for indoor air quality can significantly improve both indoor air quality and thermal comfort through [[ventilative cooling]], which also helps reduce the energy demand of buildings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belias |first1=Evangelos |last2=Licina |first2=Dusan |title=European residential ventilation: Investigating the impact on health and energy demand |journal=Energy and Buildings |date=2024 |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113839|bibcode=2024EneBu.30413839B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belias |first1=Evangelos |last2=Licina |first2=Dusan |title=Influence of outdoor air pollution on European residential ventilative cooling potential |journal=Energy and Buildings |date=2023 |volume=289 |doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113044|bibcode=2023EneBu.28913044B |doi-access=free }}</ref> During these times, higher ventilation rates, achieved through [[Passive ventilation |passive]] or mechanical means ([[Economizer|air-side economizer]], [[Ventilative cooling|ventilative]] pre-cooling), can be particularly beneficial for enhancing people's physical health.<ref name="Sun, Y. 2011. pp.277-283">Sun, Y., Zhang, Y., Bao, L., Fan, Z. and Sundell, J., 2011. Ventilation and dampness in dorms and their associations with allergy among college students in China: a case-control study. Indoor Air, 21(4), pp.277-283.</ref> Conversely, when conditions are less favorable, maintaining or improving indoor air quality through ventilation may require increased use of mechanical heating or cooling, leading to higher energy consumption.

Ventilation should be considered for its relationship to "venting" for appliances and combustion equipment such as [[water heating|water heaters]], furnaces, [[boiler]]s, and wood stoves. Most importantly, building ventilation design must be careful to avoid the backdraft of combustion products from "naturally vented" appliances into the occupied space. This issue is of greater importance for buildings with more air-tight envelopes. To avoid the hazard, many modern combustion appliances utilize "direct venting" which draws combustion air directly from outdoors, instead of from the indoor environment.