Editing Vijayanagara (section)

{{Short description|City in Karnataka, India}}
{{About|a city in India|the 14th to 17th century empire|Vijayanagara Empire|the district in Karnataka|Vijayanagara district|the city in [[Coastal Andhra]]|Vizianagaram|other uses|Vijaynagar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Vijayanagara
| official_name                   = 
| nickname                        = 
| settlement_type                 = City
| image_skyline                   = View of the Virupaksha temple complex from Hemakuta hill.JPG
| image_caption                   = Virupaksha Temple, Vijayanagara, Karnataka
| pushpin_map                     = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position          = right
| pushpin_map_alt                 = 
| pushpin_map_caption             = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates                     = {{coord|15|20|00|N|76|27|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type                = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1               = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2               = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2               = [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
| established_title               = 
| established_date                = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1520}}
| founder                         = [[Harihara I|Harihara]] and [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]]
| named_for                       = City of Victory

| footnotes                       = 
}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|WHS         = Groups of Monuments at Hampi
|Image       = Hampi virupaksha temple.jpg
|Location    = [[Hampi (town)|Hampi (City)]], [[Vijayanagara district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ballari-set-to-lose-hampi-and-more/article33136164.ece|title = Ballari set to lose Hampi and more|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 19 November 2020|last1 = Buradikatti|first1 = Kumar}}</ref>
|Criteria    = Cultural: i, iii, iv
|Includes    = [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]]
|ID          = 241
|Year        = 1986
|Danger      = 1999–2006
|Area        = 4,187.24 ha
|Buffer_zone = 19,453.62 ha 
|Coordinates = {{coord|15|20|04|N|76|27|44|E}}
|locmapin    = India Karnataka#India
|map_caption = Location of Hampi
|website     = {{URL|http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_hampi.asp|Archaeological Survey of India – Hampi}}
}}

'''Vijayanagara''' ({{Translation|'City of Victory'}}) is a city located in [[Vijayanagara district]] of [[Karnataka]] state in [[India]].<ref name="vijayabrit">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Vijayanagar Vijayanagara], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> Vijayanagara was the capital city of the historic [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name=vijayabrit/> Located on the banks of the [[Tungabhadra River]], it spread over a large area and included sites in the [[Vijayanagara district]], the [[Ballari district]], and others around these districts. A part of Vijayanagara ruins known as the [[Group of Monuments at Hampi]] has been designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="Verghese2002p1" />

Hampi, an ancient human settlement mentioned in Hindu texts, houses pre-Vijayanagara temples and monuments.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=12-33, 66-69}} In the early 14th century, the dominant [[Kakatiya Dynasty|Kakatiyas]], [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Seuna Yadavas]], [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]], and the  short-lived [[Kampili kingdom]], who inhabited the [[Deccan]] region, were invaded and plundered by armies of Khalji and later [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq]] dynasties of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="Knipe2015p38">{{cite book|author=David M. Knipe|title=Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8oUSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-026673-8|pages=38–39}}</ref>

Vijayanagara was founded from these ruins by the Sangama brothers, who were working as soldiers in the Kampili Kingdom under Kampalidevaraya.<ref name="vijayabrit" /><ref name="Knipe2015p38" /><ref name="Stein1989p18">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA18 |year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2|pages=18–19}}</ref> The city grew rapidly. The Vijayanagara-centred empire functioned as a barrier to the Muslim sultanates in the north, leading to the reconstruction of Hindu life and scholarship, multi-religious activity, rapid infrastructure improvements, and economic activity.<ref name="vijayabrit" /><ref name="dieter127">{{cite journal | last1=Verghese | first1=Anila | last2=Eigner | first2=Dieter | title=A Monastic Complex in Vithalapura, Hampi Vijayanagara | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=14 | issue=1 | year=1998 | doi=10.1080/02666030.1998.9628555 | pages=127–140}}</ref><ref name="fritz44">{{cite journal | last=Fritz | first=John M. | title=Vijayanagara: Authority and Meaning of a South Indian Imperial Capital | journal=American Anthropologist | volume=88 | issue=1 | year=1986 | doi=10.1525/aa.1986.88.1.02a00030 | pages=44–55| s2cid=143926888 }}</ref> Along with Hinduism, Vijayanagara accepted communities of other faiths such as [[Jainism]] and [[Islam]], leading to multi-religious monuments and mutual influences.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=77-81, 97}}<ref>Catherine B Asher (1985), Islamic Influence and the Architecture of Vijayanagara, in A. L. Dallapiccola et al (Eds), Vijayanagara: City and Empire— New Currents of Research, Weisbaden: Steiner Verlag, pp. 188-95</ref> Chronicles left by Persian and European travellers state Vijayanagara to be a prosperous and wealthy city.

By 1500 CE, Hampi-Vijayanagara was the world's second largest medieval era city (after [[Beijing]]) and probably India's richest at that time, attracting traders from Persia and Portugal.<ref name="Howard2011p77">{{cite book|author=Michael C. Howard|title=Transnationalism and Society: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy4YtuIHsQcC&pg=PA77| year=2011|publisher =McFarland|isbn= 978-0-7864-8625-0| pages=77–78}}</ref><ref name="Gier2014p11">{{cite book|author=Nicholas F. Gier|title=The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|year=2014|publisher=Lexington|isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8|pages=11–14}}, Quote:
 "In its peak of glory, ca. 1500, with a population of about 500,000 and sixty square miles in area, Vijayanagara was the second largest city in the world behind Beijing."</ref>

Wars between nearby Muslim Sultanates and Hindu Vijayanagara continued, however, through the 16th century. In 1565, the Vijayanagara leader [[Aliya Rama Raya]] was captured and killed,<ref name="kulke191">{{cite book|author1=Hermann Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC |year=2004| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-32920-0|page=191}}, Quote: "When battle was joined in January 1565, it seemed to be turning in favor of Vijayanagara - suddenly, however, two Muslim generals of Vijayanagara changes sides. Rama Raya was taken prisoner and immediately beheaded."</ref>{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=98, Quote: "Husain (...) ordered him beheaded on the spot, and his head stuffed with straw (for display)."}} and the city fell to a coalition of Muslim Sultanates of the [[Deccan Plateau]]. The conquered capital city of Vijayanagara was looted and destroyed for 6 months, after which it remained in ruins.<ref name="Verghese2002p1">{{harvnb|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=1–18}}</ref>{{sfn|Fritz | Michell| 2016|pp=11–23}}<ref name="Lycett 2013 433–470">{{cite journal | last1=Lycett | first1=Mark T. | last2=Morrison | first2=Kathleen D. | title=The Fall of Vijayanagara Reconsidered: Political Destruction and Historical Construction in South Indian History 1 | journal= Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient| volume=56 | issue=3 | year=2013 | doi=10.1163/15685209-12341314 | pages=433–470}}</ref>