Editing Westernization (section)

{{Short description|Global adoption of western culture and values}}
'''Westernization''' (or '''Westernisation''', see [[British and American spelling differences|spelling differences]]), also '''[[Europeanisation]]''' or '''occidentalization''' (from the ''[[Occident]]''), is a process whereby [[Society|societies]] come under or adopt what is considered to be [[Western culture]], in areas such as [[Manufacturing|industry]], [[technology]], [[science]], [[education]], [[politics]], [[economics]], [[lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]], [[law]], [[Social norm|norms]], [[mores]], [[Convention (norm)|customs]], [[tradition]]s, [[Value (ethics)|values]], [[mentality]], [[perception]]s, [[diet (nutrition)|diet]], [[clothing]], [[language]], [[writing system]], [[religion]], and [[Western philosophy|philosophy]]. During [[colonialism]] it often involved the spread of [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thong |first1=Tezenlo |title='To Raise the Savage to a Higher Level': The Westernization of Nagas and their Culture |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |date=July 2012 |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=893–918 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X11000412 |id={{ProQuest|1011622231}} |jstor=41478422 |s2cid=145414470 }}</ref> A related concept is '''Northernization''', which is the consolidation or influence of the [[Global North]].<ref>{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|305033607}} |last1=Lloyd |first1=Paulette D |date=2005 |title=An Empirical Test of Theories of World Divisions and Globalization Processes: An International and Comparative Regional Perspective }}{{pn|date=October 2024}}</ref>

Westernization has been a growing influence across the world in the last few centuries, with some thinkers assuming Westernization to be the equivalent of [[Modernization theory|modernization]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Hayford|first=Charles|title=Westernization |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Pong |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Modern China|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons}}</ref> a way of thought that is often debated. The overall process of Westernization is often two-sided in that Western influences and interests themselves are joined with parts of the affected society, at minimum, to become a more Westernized society, with the putative goal of attaining a Western life or some aspects of it, while Western societies are themselves affected by this process and interaction with non-Western groups.

Westernization traces its roots back to [[Ancient Greece]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Later, the [[Roman Empire]] took on the first process of Westernization as it was heavily influenced by Greece and created a new culture based on the principles and values of the Ancient Greek society. The Romans emerged with a culture that grew into a new Western identity based on the [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] society. Westernization can also be compared to [[acculturation]] and [[enculturation]]. Acculturation is "the process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between cultural groups and their individual members".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Acculturation|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology|publisher=Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology}}</ref> 

After contact, changes in cultural patterns are evident within one or both cultures. Specific to Westernization and the non-Western culture, foreign societies tend to adopt changes in their social systems relative to Western ideology, lifestyle, and physical appearance, along with numerous other aspects, and shifts in culture patterns can be seen to take root as a community becomes acculturated to Western customs and characteristics – in other words, Westernized. The phenomenon of Westernization does not follow any one specific pattern across societies as the degree of adaption and fusion with Western customs will occur at varying magnitudes within different [[communities]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McLeish |first1=Kenneth |chapter=Westernization |title=Bloomsbury Guide to Human Thought |date=1993 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publications |isbn=978-0-7475-0991-2 }}</ref> Specifically, the extent to which domination, destruction, resistance, survival, adaptation, or modification affect a native culture may differ following inter-ethnic contact.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kottak |first1=Conrad Phillip |title=Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb |date=2007 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education |isbn=978-0-07-325893-5 |oclc=1245991011 |url=https://archive.org/details/windowonhumanity0000kott }}{{page needed|date=April 2023}}</ref>