Editing World Data Center (section)

{{Short description|Archive of IGY observational data sets}}
{{Infobox organization
|name           = World Data Centre
|image          = 
|size           = 
|alt            =
|caption        = WDC
|map            =
|msize          =
|malt           =
|mcaption       =
|abbreviation   = WDC
|motto          = 
|formation      = 1957
|dissolved      = 2008
|type           = [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]]
|status         =
|purpose        = geophysical data archive
|headquarters   = 
|location       = 
|region_served  = Worldwide
|membership     =
|language       = English, French
|leader_title   = President
|leader_name    = 
|main_organ     =
|parent_organization = [[International Council for Science]] (ICSU)
|successor      = [[ISC World Data System|World Data System (WDS)]]
|affiliations   = 
|num_staff      =
|num_volunteers =
|budget         = 
|remarks        = 
}}

The '''World Data Centre''' ('''WDC''') system was created to archive and distribute data collected from the observational programmes of the 1957–1958 [[International Geophysical Year]] by the International Council of Scientific Unions ([[ICSU]]).<ref>Korsmo, F. L. (2010) [https://datascience.codata.org/articles/284/files/submission/proof/284-1-551-1-10-20150416.pdf The Origins and Principles of the World Data Center system] CODATA ''Data Science Journal'', Volume 8</ref><ref>Dieminger, Walter; Hartmann, Gerd K. & Leitinger, Reinhart (1996) [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-78717-1_28 The World Data Center System, International Data Exchange, and New ICSU Programs] ''The Upper Atmosphere'' Springer-Verlag pp 921–941</ref> The WDCs were funded and maintained by their host countries on behalf of the international science community.

Originally established in the [[National Academy of Sciences|United States]] (WDC A),<ref>[https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/26118/chapter/17#785 World Data Center A] ''Report on the U.S. Program for the International Geophysical Year'' (1965) IGY General Report #21 section XVII
National Academies Press https://doi.org/10.17226/26118 pp785–812</ref> [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] (WDC B),<ref>Lyubovtseva, Y. S., Gvishiani, A. D., Soloviev, A. A., Samokhina, O. O., and Krasnoperov, R. I. (2020) [https://hgss.copernicus.org/articles/11/157/2020/ Sixtieth anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (1957–2017) – contribution of the Soviet Union] History of Geo- and Space Sciences, 11, p157–171</ref> [[Europe]] and [[Japan]] (WDC C), the WDC system expanded to other countries and to new scientific disciplines.<ref>Aronova, Elena (2017) Geophysical Datascapes of the Cold War: Politics and Practices of the World Data Centers in the 1950s and 1960s ''Osiris'' Volume 32, Number 1</ref> The WDC system included up to 52 Centres in 15 countries, with some data centres replicating another.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100707034131/http://www.icsu.org/Gestion/img/ICSU_DOC_DOWNLOAD/2123_DD_FILE_SCID_Report.pdf Strategic Committee on Information and Data] ICSU 2008 p27–30</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041229015043/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/list.shtml WDC List] NOAA</ref> All data held in WDCs were available for the cost of copying and sending the requested information. In 1968 the ICSU Panel on World Data Centers (Geophysical, Solar, and Environmental) was established to coordinate activities and to establish operating criteria for the WDCs.<ref>ICSU (1987) ''Guide to the World Data Center System'', Part 1, The World Data Centers</ref>

At the end of 2008, following the ICSU General Assembly in Maputo (Mozambique), the World Data Centres were reformed and a new [[ISC World Data System]] (WDS) established in 2009. Expanding on the 50-year heritage of the ICSU World Data Centre system (WDC) and the ICSU Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical data-analysis Services,<ref>[https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/25116/chapter/5#103 ''Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research''] National Academies Press {{ISBN|9780309476249}} 2018 p103</ref> most of the legacy data centers and services continued under the WDS.


{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of World Data Centres and Services
|-
! scope=col | Centre or Service
! scope=col | Acronym
! scope=col | Parent 
! scope=col | Host
! scope=col | Nation
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col class=unsortable | Notes
|-
|International Gravimetric Bureau 
|BGI 
|[[International Association of Geodesy|IAG]], [[CNES]]
|[[Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées]] 
|France
|1951
|{{URL|https://bgi.obs-mip.fr/}}
|-
|International Space Environment Service
|ISES
|[[Natural Resources Canada]]
|Geomagnetic Laboratory 
|Canada
|1956
|{{URL|http://www.spaceweather.org/ISES/intro/intro.html|www.spaceweather.org}}
|-
|International Service of Geomagnetic Indices
|ISGI
|[[International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics|IUGG]]
|[[Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre|Observatory for Earth Sciences]] (EOST) 
|France
|1956
|
|-
!rowspan="4" |Solar-Terrestrial Physics
!rowspan="4" |STP
|[[Russian Academy of Sciences]]
|Geophysical Center
|Russia
|1956
|
|-
|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
|[[National Geophysical Data Center]] (NGDC)
|USA
|1957
|<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nsryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR4 WDC A Report Upper Atmosphere Geophysics] NOAA 1971 p iv</ref>
[[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NBS]] 1957–1964,
NGDC 1965–2015, 
[[National Centers for Environmental Information|NCEI]]
|-
|[[Natural Environment Research Council|NERC]]
|[[Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]]
|UK
|
|
|-
|[[Bureau of Meteorology]]
|IPS Radio and Space Services
|Australia
|2000
|{{URL|https://www.sws.bom.gov.au/World_Data_Centre}}
|-
|Airglow
|
|[[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology|Ministry of Education]]
|[[National Astronomical Observatory of Japan]]
|Japan
|1957
|{{URL|https://solarwww.mtk.nao.ac.jp/en/wdc/wdc.html|solarwww.mtk.nao.ac.jp}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |Cosmic Rays
!rowspan="2" |CR
|[[Nagoya University]]
|Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory
|Japan
|1957
|{{URL|https://cidas.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/WDCCR/readme.html|cidas.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp}}
|-
|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
|[[National Geophysical Data Center]] (NGDC)
|USA
|1957
|[[University of Minnesota]] 1957–1966,
Aeronomy and Space Data Center 1966–1972
|-
!rowspan="5" |Geomagnetism
!rowspan="5" |
|[[Kyoto University]]
|Geophysical Institute
|Japan
|1957
|<ref>[https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/wdc/whatis.html What is 'World Data Center'?] Kyoto University</ref>
[[International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network|INTERMAGNET]]
|-
|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
|[[National Geophysical Data Center]] (NGDC)
|USA
|1957
|<ref>[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/services/world-data-system World Data System] NOAA</ref>
[[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|C&GS]] 1957–1964,
NGDC 1965–2015
|-
|[[Natural Environment Research Council|NERC]]
|[[British Geological Survey]]
|UK
|1966
|{{URL|http://www.wdc.bgs.ac.uk/}}
|-
|[[Technical University of Denmark#DTU_Space|DTU Space]]
|[[Danish Meteorological Institute]]
|Denmark
|1957
|{{URL|https://www.space.dtu.dk/english/research/scientific_data_and_models/world_data_center_for_geomagnetism|www.space.dtu.dk}}
|-
|
|[[Indian Institute of Geomagnetism]]
|India
|1971
|
|-
!rowspan="3" |Glaciology
!rowspan="3" |
|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
|[[National Snow and Ice Data Center]] (NSIDC)
|USA
|1957
|<ref>Barry, Roger G. and Gan, Thian Yew (2022) [https://books.google.com/books?id=IARsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 ''The Global Cryosphere''] p5, 103</ref> [[American Geographical Society|AGS]] 1957–1969, 
USGS 1970–1976
|-
|[[University of Cambridge]]
|[[Scott Polar Research Institute]]
|UK
|1957
|{{URL|https://www.wdcgc.spri.cam.ac.uk/}}
|-
|[[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
|Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CARD)
|China
|1988
|
|-
|Ionosphere
|
|
|[[National Institute of Information and Communications Technology]] (NICT)
|Japan
|1957
|{{URL|https://wdc.nict.go.jp/wdc-top/index.html|wdc.nict.go.jp}}
|-
!rowspan="3" |Meteorology
!rowspan="3" |MET
|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
|[[National Climatic Data Center]] (NCDC) 
|USA
|1957
|<ref>[https://community.wmo.int/en/meetings/world-data-centres World Data Centres] WMO</ref>
National Weather Records Center (NWRC) 1957–1967,
NCDC 1967–2015, 
[[National Centers for Environmental Information|NCEI]]
|-
|[[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
|National Meteorological Information Center
|China
|1988
|
|-
|
|All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information
|Russia
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" |Oceanography
!rowspan="2" |
|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
|[[National Oceanographic Data Center]] (NODC) 
|USA
|1957
|<ref>Moffat, Ronald (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=oWiYmhym85sC&pg=PA7 WDC A Oceanography Catalogue of Data] WDCA-OC-98-1 p1, 7, 26</ref>
Texas A&M 1957–1961, 
NODC 1961–2015, 
[[National Centers for Environmental Information|NCEI]]
|-
|[[State Oceanic Administration]]
|National Marine Data and Information Service
|China
|1988
|
|-
|[[Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level]]
|PSMSL
|
|[[National Oceanography Centre]] (NOC)
|UK
|1957
|formerly [[Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory]], Liverpool
|-
|Rockets and Satellites
|
|[[NASA]]
|[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive]] (NSSDCA)
|USA
|1957
|<ref>[https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/about_wdc-a.html About the World Data Center for Satellite Information]  NASA</ref>
US [[National Academy of Sciences]] 1957–1968
|-
|Nuclear Radiation
|
|[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]
|Meteorological Research Institute 
|Japan
|1957
|
|-
!rowspan="2" |Aurora
!rowspan="2" |
|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
|[[National Geophysical Data Center]] (NGDC) 
|USA
|1957
|[[Cornell University]] 1957–1967
|-
|
|[[National Institute of Polar Research (Japan)|National Institute of Polar Research]]
|Japan
|1981
|{{URL|https://polaris.nipr.ac.jp/~aurora/datacatalog/datacatalog.html|polaris.nipr.ac.jp}}
|-
|International Center for Earth Tides
|ICET
|[[University of French Polynesia]]
|Tahiti Geodetic Observatory
|France
|1966
|{{URL|http://igets.u-strasbg.fr/}}
|-
|Soils
|
|[[International Union of Soil Sciences|IUSS]]
|[[International Soil Reference and Information Centre]] (ISRIC) 
|The Netherlands
|1966
|
|-
|Solar Radio Emissions
|
|[[National Astronomical Observatory of Japan]]
|[[Nobeyama Radio Observatory|Nobeyama Solar Radio Observatory]] 
|Japan
|1969
|
|-
|Tsunamis
|
|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
|[[National Geophysical Data Center]] (NGDC)
|USA
|1969
|{{URL|https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu.shtml|ngdc.noaa.gov}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |Space Science
!rowspan="2" |
|[[JAXA]]
|[[Institute of Space and Astronautical Science]]
|Japan
|1969
|
|-
|[[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
|National Space Science Center
|China
|1988
|{{URL|http://www.cssdc.ac.cn/}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |Solid Earth Geophysics
!rowspan="2" |SEG
|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
|[[National Geophysical Data Center]] (NGDC)
|USA
|1971
|<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ9AAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR2 Directory of US Data Repositories Supporting the International Geodynamics Project] NOAA 1978 pii</ref>
NGDC 1971–2015, 
[[National Centers for Environmental Information|NCEI]]
|-
|[[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
|Institute of Geology and Geophysics
|China
|1988
|
|-
!rowspan="2" |Astronomy
!rowspan="2" |
|[[International Astronomical Union|IAU]], [[French National Centre for Scientific Research|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique]] (CNRS)
|[[Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg]] (CDS)
|France
|1972
|{{URL|https://cds.unistra.fr/}}
|-
|[[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]
|[[Beijing Astronomical Observatory]]
|China
|1988
|
|-
|Rotation of the Earth
|
|
|[[United States Naval Observatory]] (USNO)
|USA
|1972
|
|-
|Climate
|
|[[University of Hamburg]]
|[[Max Planck Institute for Meteorology]] 
|Germany
|1975
|{{URL|https://www.wdc-climate.de/ui/|www.wdc-climate.de}}
|-
|Marine Geology and Geophysics
|
|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
|[[National Geophysical Data Center]] (NGDC) 
|USA
|1975
|<ref>NOAA (1990) [https://books.google.com/books?id=oQuLd397nIoC&pg=PA77 ''The National Geophysical Data Center''] p77, 91</ref> 
NGDC 1975–2015, 
[[National Centers for Environmental Information|NCEI]]
|-
|Solar Activity
|
|
|[[Paris Observatory|Observatoire de Meudon]] 
|France
|1978
|
|-
|Atmospheric Trace Gases
|
|Department of Energy
|Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)
|USA
|1982
|{{URL|https://ess-dive.lbl.gov/|ess-dive.lbl.gov}}
|-
|Sunspot Index & Solar Influences
|SILSO, SIDC
|[[International Astronomical Union|IAU]]
|[[Royal Observatory of Belgium]]
|Belgium
|1985
|{{URL|https://www.sidc.be/SILSO/home|www.sidc.be}}
|-
|[[World Glacier Monitoring Service]]
|WGMS
|[[International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics|IUGG]]
|[[University of Zurich]] 
|Switzerland
|1986
|
|-
|Seismology
|
|[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]
|[[National Earthquake Information Center]] (NEIC)
|USA
|1986
|
|-
|[[International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service]]
|IERS
|
|[[United States Naval Observatory]] (USNO)
|USA
|1988
|{{URL|https://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Home/home_node.html|www.iers.org}}
|-
|Paleoclimatology
|
|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
|[[National Geophysical Data Center]] (NGDC)
|USA
|1989
|NGDC 1989–2015, 
[[National Centers for Environmental Information|NCEI]]
|-
|International GNSS Service
|IGS
|[[International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics|IUGG]]
|NASA [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|USA
|1994
|{{URL|https://igs.org/}}
|-
|Human Interactions in the Environment
|
|[[The Earth Institute|Center for International Earth Science Information Network]] (CIESIN)
|NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC)
|USA
|1995
|
|-
|International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry
|IVS
|[[International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics|IUGG]]
|NASA [[EOSDIS|Crustal Dynamics Data Information System]] (CDDIS)
|USA
|2001
|{{URL|https://ivscc.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html|ivscc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}
|-
|Biodiversity and Ecology
|
|[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]
|Center for Biological Informatics
|USA
|2001
|
|-
|Marine Environmental Sciences
|MARE
|[[Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research]]
|Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM)
|Germany
|2001
|{{URL|https://www.marum.de/en/PANGAEA-Data-Publisher-for-Earth-and-Environmental-Science-2.html|www.marum.de}}
|-
|Land Cover Data & Remotely Sensed Land Data
|
|[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]
|[[Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science|Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS)]]
|USA
|2002
|
|-
|Recent Crustal Movements
|
|[[Institute of Geophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences|Institute of Geophysics]]
|Geodetic Observatory Pecný
|Czech Republic
|2002–2006
|
|-
|Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere
|RSAT
|[[German Aerospace Center|DLR]]
|[[:de:Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum|German Remote Sensing Data Centre]] (DFD)
|Germany
|2003
|{{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20150429000910/http://wdc.dlr.de/about/|wdc.dlr.de}}
|}