Editing X/Open (section)

'''X/Open''' group (also known as the '''Open Group for Unix Systems'''<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Computerworld |title=Unix advancing in drive toward European market acceptance |date=3 February 1986 |first=Amiel |last=Kornel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UE1HODexHKoC&pg=PA51 |page=51}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft609nb394;chunk.id=d0e14228;doc.view=print|chapter=Spinoffs|last=Sandholtz|first=Wayne|title=High-Tech Europe: The Politics of International Cooperation|url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft609nb394/|date=1992|publisher=[[University of California Press]]}}</ref> and incorporated in 1987 as '''X/Open Company, Ltd.'''<ref name=dgp>{{cite web|url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050601125916588|title=The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin, Excursus: UUNET & Ch. 11|date=2 June 2005|website=[[Groklaw]]}}</ref><ref name=ial>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Re3zFi4_lDcC&pg=PA5|title=Installing and Administering Linux|first1=Linda|last1=McKinnon|first2=Al|last2=McKinnon|date= 2004|page=5|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780471453994 }}</ref>) was a [[consortium]] founded by several European [[UNIX]] systems manufacturers in 1984<ref name=dgp/><ref name=unixorghist>{{cite web|url=https://unix.org/what_is_unix/history_timeline.html|title=The UNIX System -- History and Timeline -- UNIX History|website=unix.org}}</ref> to identify and promote [[open standard]]s in the field of [[information technology]]. More specifically, the original aim was to define a single specification for [[operating system]]s derived from UNIX, to increase the interoperability of applications and reduce the cost of porting software. Its original members were [[Groupe Bull|Bull]], [[International Computers Limited|ICL]], [[Siemens AG|Siemens]], [[Olivetti]], and [[Nixdorf Computer AG|Nixdorf]]—a group sometimes referred to as '''BISON'''.<ref name=ausugn>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdM74Ipd3cAC&pg=PA158|title=X/OPEN - What, Who, Why, When|first=John|last=Tottenham|magazine=Australian Unix systems User Group Newsletter|volume=8|number=3–4|date=August 1987|page=158}}</ref> [[Philips]] and [[Ericsson]] joined in 1985,<ref name=ausugn/> at which point the name X/Open was adopted.

The group published its specifications as [[#X/Open Portability Guide|X/Open Portability Guide]], starting with Issue 1 in 1985, and later as ''X/Open CAE Specification''.

In 1987, X/Open was incorporated as X/Open Company, Ltd.<ref name=dgp/><ref name=ial/>

By March 1988, X/Open grew to 13 members: [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]], [[Digital Equipment Corporation|Digital]], [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Sun Microsystems]], [[Unisys]], [[NCR Corporation|NCR]], Olivetti, Bull, Ericsson, Nixdorf, Philips, ICL, and Siemens.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9j4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA41-IA12|title=X/Open Makes Bid for Common Applications Environment|first=Robert|last=Ackerman Jr.|magazine=[[InfoWorld]]|volume=10|issue=12|page=S9|date=March 21, 1988}}</ref>

By 1990 the group had expanded to 21 members:<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res35.htm#g|title=ICL and Europe|first=Virgilio|last=Pasquali|journal=Resurrection: The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society|issn=0958-7403|number=35|date=Summer 2005}} Contains more on history of X/Open.</ref> in addition to the original five, [[Philips]] and [[Nokia]] from Europe; AT&T, Digital, Unisys, Hewlett-Packard, [[IBM]], NCR, Sun, [[Prime Computer]], [[Apollo Computer]] from North America; [[Fujitsu]], [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]], and [[NEC]] from Japan; plus the [[Open Software Foundation]] and [[Unix International]].

In October 1993, a planned transfer of UNIX trademark from Novell to X/Open was announced;<ref>{{cite newsgroup|url=https://groups.google.com/g/comp.std.unix/c/Jblvq9RejzI/m/-IQoAvBMl8kJ|title=The name "UNIX" is now the property of X/Open|first=Chuck|last=Karish|date=October 12, 1993|newsgroup=comp.std.unix}}</ref> it was finalized in 2nd quarter of 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unix.org/questions_answers/faq.html|title=Frequently Asked Questions|website=unix.org}}</ref>

In 1994, X/Open published the [[Single UNIX Specification]], which was drawn from XPG4 Base and other sources.<ref name=unixorgsus>{{cite web|url=https://unix.org/what_is_unix/single_unix_specification.html|title=The Single UNIX Specification|website=unix.org}}</ref>

In 1996, X/Open merged with the [[Open Software Foundation]] to form [[The Open Group]].<ref name=unixorghist/><ref name=dgp/>

X/Open was also responsible for the [[X/Open XA|XA protocol]] for heterogeneous distributed transaction processing, which was released in 1991.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kleppmann |first1=Martin |title=Designing Data-Intensive Applications |date=April 2, 2017 |publisher=O'Reilly Media |isbn=978-1449373320 |page=361 |edition=1}}</ref>