Editing Z3 (computer) (section)

{{Short description|First working programmable, fully automatic digital computer}}
{{Other uses|Z3 (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name         = Z3
| title        =
| aka          = V3 (Versuchsmodell 3)
| logo         =
| image        = Z3 Deutsches Museum.JPG
| caption      = Zuse Z3 replica on display at [[Deutsches Museum]] in [[Munich]]
| developer    = [[Konrad Zuse]]
| manufacturer =
| family       =
| type         = [[Computer programming|Programmable]], fully automatic [[digital computer|digital]] [[electromechanical computer]]
| generation   =
| releasedate  = {{Start date and age|1941|05|12}}
| lifespan     = 2 years
| price        = Costs: ca. {{Reichsmark|50,000|1941|link=yes}}
| discontinued =
| unitssold    =
| unitsshipped =
| media        =
| os           =
| power        = Around 4,000 [[watt]]s<ref name="Morelli_2001"/>
| soc          =
| cpu          = 2,600 [[relay]]s
| CPUspeed     = 5–10 [[Hertz|Hz]]
| memory       = 64 words with a length of 22 bits
| storage      =
| memory card  = Punched celluloid tape<ref name="Morelli_2001"/>
| display      = Row of lamps to show results<ref name="Lippe_2007"/>
| graphics     =
| sound        =
| input        = Terminal, with a special keyboard for input<ref name="Lippe_2007"/>
| controllers  =
| camera       =
| touchpad     =
| connectivity =
| platform     =
| service      =
| dimensions   =
| weight       = Around {{convert|1|t|lb}}<ref name="Morelli_2001"/>
| topgame      =
| compatibility=
| predecessor  = [[Z2 (computer)|Z2]]
| successor    = [[Z4 (computer)|Z4]]
| related      =
| website      =
}}
The '''Z3''' was a German [[electromechanical computer]] designed by [[Konrad Zuse]] in 1938, and completed in 1941. It was the world's first working [[Computer programming|programmable]], fully automatic [[digital computer]].<ref name="NYT_1994"/> The Z3 was built with 2,600 [[relay]]s, implementing a 22-[[bit]] [[Word (data type)|word]] length that operated at a [[clock frequency]] of about 5–10&nbsp;[[Hertz|Hz]].<ref name="Morelli_2001"/> Program code was stored on punched [[celluloid|film]]. Initial values were entered manually.<ref name="Weiss_1996"/><ref name="Borchers_2016"/><ref name="Ceruzzi_1983"/>{{rp|pages=32–37}}

The Z3 was completed in [[Berlin]] in 1941. It was not considered vital, so it was never put into everyday operation.<ref name="Weiss_1996"/><ref name="Borchers_2016"/><ref name="Zuse_2013"/><ref name="Ceruzzi_1983"/>{{rp|pages=30, 38–39}}{{efn|1=It could solve problems like systems of linear equations and their determinants, quadratic equations and Eigenvalues (for [[wing flutter]]).<ref name="Slater_1989"/><ref name="Schindler_1990"/>}} Based on the work of the German [[aerodynamics]] engineer [[Hans Georg Küssner]] (known for the [[Küssner effect]]), a "Program to Compute a Complex Matrix"{{efn|1={{langx|de|Programm für die Berechnung einer komplexen Matrix}}<ref name="Hellige_2004"/>}} was written and used to solve [[wing flutter]] problems. Zuse asked the German government for funding to replace the relays with fully electronic switches, but funding was denied during [[World War II]] since such development was deemed "not war-important".<ref name="Hohn_1998"/>{{rp|page=148}}

The original Z3 was destroyed on 21 December 1943 during an [[Bombing of Berlin during World War II|Allied bombardment of Berlin]]. That Z3 was originally called V3 (''Versuchsmodell 3'' or Experimental Model 3) but was renamed so that it would not be confused with Germany's [[V-weapons]].<ref name="CMLI"/> A fully functioning replica was built in 1961 by Zuse's company, Zuse [[Kommanditgesellschaft|KG]], which is now on permanent display at [[Deutsches Museum]] in [[Munich]].<ref name="Ceruzzi_1983"/>{{rp|page=30}}

The Z3 was demonstrated in 1998 to be, in principle, [[Turing-complete]].<ref name="Rojas_1997_Universal"/> However, because it lacked [[conditional branching]], the Z3 only meets this definition by speculatively computing all possible outcomes of a calculation.

Thanks to this machine and its predecessors, [[Konrad Zuse]] has often been suggested as the inventor of the computer.<ref name="RTD"/><ref name="GermanWay"/><ref name="Leszczynski_2010"/><ref name="Bellis_2017"/>