Editing Zoopraxiscope (section)

{{Short description|Early motion picture device}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
[[Image:Zoopraxiscope 16485u.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Black-and-white picture of a coloured zoopraxiscope disc, circa 1893 by [[Eadweard Muybridge]] and Erwin F. Faber]]
[[Image:Zoopraxiscope 16485d.gif|thumb|200px|right|Black-and-white animation of a colored zoopraxiscope (without distortion, hence the elongated form)]]

The '''zoopraxiscope''' (initially named ''zoographiscope'' and ''zoogyroscope'') is an early device for displaying moving images and is considered an important predecessor of the [[movie projector]]. It was conceived by [[photography|photographic]] pioneer [[Eadweard Muybridge]] in 1879 (and built for him by January 1880 to project his famous [[chronophotography|chronophotographic]] pictures in motion and thus prove that these were authentic). Muybridge used the projector in his public lectures from 1880 to 1895. The projector used 16" glass disks onto which Muybridge had an unidentified artist paint the sequences as silhouettes. This technique eliminated the backgrounds and enabled the creation of fanciful combinations and additional imaginary elements. Only one disk used photographic images, of a horse skeleton posed in different positions.  A later series of 12″ discs, made in 1892–1894, used outlines drawn by Erwin F. Faber that were printed onto the discs photographically, then colored by hand. These colored discs were probably never used in Muybridge's lectures. All images of the known 71 disks, including those of the photographic disk, were rendered in elongated form to compensate the distortion of the projection. The projector was related to other projecting [[phenakistiscope]]s and used some slotted metal shutter discs that were interchangeable for different picture disks or different effects on the screen. The machine was hand-cranked.<ref name="compleat">{{Cite web|url=http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/mZoo.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505045633/http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/mZoo.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 5, 2013|title=COMPLEAT EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE - ZOOPRAXISCOPE STORY|website=www.stephenherbert.co.uk|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref><ref name="kingston">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kingston.gov.uk/info/200246/museum_collections_and_exhibitions/539/eadweard_muybridge/3|title=Eadweard Muybridge|last=Hammond|first=Michael|website=www.kingston.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref>

The device appears to have been one of the primary inspirations for [[Thomas Edison]] and [[William Kennedy Dickson]]'s [[Kinetoscope]], the first commercial film exhibition system.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/05/kinetoscope/ |title=See Thomas Edison's Steampunk Version of Oculus Rift |last=Bierend |first=Doug |publisher=Condé Nast |date=29 May 2014 |magazine=Wired |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> Images from all of the known seventy-one surviving zoopraxiscope discs have been reproduced in the book ''Eadweard Muybridge: The Kingston Museum Bequest'' (The Projection Box, 2004).

{{Quote
|text=...it is the first apparatus ever used, or constructed, for synthetically demonstrating movements analytically photographed from life, and in its resulting effects is the prototype of all the various instruments which, under a variety of names, are used for a similar purpose at the present day.
|author=Eadweard Muybridge |source=''Animals in Motion'' (1899)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muybridge |first1=Eadweard |title=Animals in Motion: … |date=1899 |publisher=Chapman & Hall Ltd. |location=London, England |page=4 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924125290068&view=1up&seq=18}}</ref>}}

As stipulated in Muybridge's will, the original machine and disks in his possession were left to [[Kingston upon Thames]], where they are still kept in the [[Kingston Museum]] Muybridge Bequest Collection (except for four discs that are in other collections, including those of the [[Cinémathèque française]] and the [[National Technical Museum (Prague)|National Technical Museum]] in Prague).<ref name=compleat/><ref name=kingston/>

Muybridge also produced a series of 50 different paper 'Zoopraxiscope discs' (basically [[phenakistiscope]]s), again with pictures drawn by Erwin F. Faber. The discs were intended for sale at the 1893 [[World's Columbian Exposition]] in Chicago, but seem to have sold very poorly and are quite rare. The discs were printed in black-and-white, with twelve different discs also produced as [[chromolithography|chromolithographed]] versions. Of the coloured versions only four different ones are known to still exist (with a total of five or six extant copies).<ref name="muyblog">{{Cite web|url=http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muy%20blog3.htm#part15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012164944/http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muy%20blog3.htm#part15|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 12, 2010|title=COMPLEAT EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE - MUY BLOG 2009|website=www.stephenherbert.co.uk|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref>