Editing 1031 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===
==== Europe ====
* [[July 20]] &ndash; King [[Robert II of France|Robert II]] ('''the Pious''') dies at [[Melun]], after a 35-year reign. He is succeeded by his 23-year-old son, [[Henry I of France|Henry I]], who becomes the sole ruler of [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]. Henry's mother, Queen dowager [[Constance of Arles]], prefers her third son, [[Robert I, Duke of Burgundy|Robert]], as heir to the [[throne]] and, with the help of Count [[Odo II, Count of Blois|Odo II]], begins a war against Henry.<ref>Jonathan Riley-Smith (2006). ''The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, c. 1024–c. 1198'', p. 124. {{ISBN|978-0-521-41411-1}}.</ref>
* The [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] collapses after years of infighting; the caliphate fractures into a number of independent Muslim ''[[taifa]]'' (kingdoms). The last [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] ruler, Caliph [[Hisham III of Córdoba|Hisham III]], tries to consolidate the caliphate, but his raising of taxes (to pay for [[mosques]]) leads to heavy opposition and he is imprisoned by his rivals.<ref>Chejne, Anwar G. (1974). ''Muslim Spain: Its History and Culture'', pp. 43–49. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press. {{ISBN|0816606889}}.</ref>
* King [[Mieszko II Lambert|Mieszko II]] is forced to escape [[Greater Poland|Poland]] after an attack of Grand Prince [[Yaroslav the Wise|Yaroslav I]] ("the Wise") of [[Kiev]]<!--See WP:KIEV-->, who installs Mieszko's half-brother [[Bezprym]] onto the Polish throne.
* France suffers from a [[famine]] (until [[1033]]).<ref>Moriceau, Jean-Marc (2011) ''L'Homme contre le loup. Une guerre de deux mille ans'', Paris, Fayard.</ref>

==== Middle East ====
* The Byzantine general [[George Maniakes]] captures [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]] from the [[Arab Muslims]] and stabilizes the eastern frontier.
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