Editing 1054 (section)

== Events ==
[[East–West Schism|East-West schism:]] the ongoing break of [[Communion (Christian)|communion]] between the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] churches. <onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* Sultan [[Tughril]] leads a large [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] army out of [[Azerbaijan]] into [[Armenia]], possibly to consolidate his frontier, while providing an incentive to his [[Turkic people|Turkoman]] allies in the form of plunder. Tughril divides his army into four columns, ordering three to veer off to the north to raid into central and northern Armenia, while he takes the fourth column towards [[Lake Van]]. The [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk Turks]] capture and sack the fortress city of [[Erciş|Artchesh]], after an 8-day siege.<ref>Brian Todd Carey (2012). ''Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071)'', p. 125. {{ISBN|978-1-84884-215-1}}.</ref>

==== Europe ====
* [[Battle of Mortemer]]: The [[Normans]], led by Duke [[William the Conqueror]], defeat a French army (near [[Mortemer, Seine-Maritime|Mortemer]]), as it is caught pillaging and plundering. King [[Henry I of France]] withdraws his main army from the [[Duchy of Normandy]] as a result. [[Guy I, Count of Ponthieu]], is captured during the course of the battle.

==== Scotland ====
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Siward, Earl of Northumbria|Siward]], earl of [[Kingdom of Northumbria|Northumbria]], invades [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], to support King [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III]] against [[Macbeth, King of Scotland|Macbeth]], who has usurped the Scottish throne from Malcolm's father, [[Duncan I of Scotland|Duncan I]]. Macbeth is defeated at [[Dunsinane Hill|Dunsinane]].

==== Africa ====
* The [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]] retake the trading center of [[Aoudaghost]] from the [[Ghana Empire]]. Repeated Almoravid incursions, aimed at seizing control of the trans-[[Sahara]]n gold trade, disrupt Ghana's dominance of the trade routes.<ref>[[Levtzion, Nehemia]]; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000), Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa, New York: Marcus Weiner Press. {{ISBN|1-55876-241-8}}. First published in 1981.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[Lý Thánh Tông|Lý Nhật Tôn]], third king of the [[Lý dynasty|Lý Dynasty]], begins to rule in [[Vietnam]], and changes the country's official name to [[Đại Việt]].

=== By topic ===

==== Astronomy ====
* [[July 4]] ''(approx.)'' &ndash; [[SN 1054]], a [[supernova]], is first observed by the Chinese, Arabs and possibly [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], near the star [[Zeta Tauri]].<ref>"Journal of Astronomy", part 9, chapter 56 of ''[[History of Song (Yuan dynasty)|History of Song]]'', first printing 1340; facsimile on frontispiece of Misner, Thorne, Wheeler ''Gravitation'', 1973.</ref> For 23 days it remains bright enough to be seen in daylight. Its remnants form the [[Crab Nebula]] ([[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 1952).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_567.html|title=Crab Nebula|date=July 12, 2016 |publisher=NASA}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* Spring &ndash; Pope [[Pope Leo IX|Leo IX]] sends a [[Papal legate|legatine]] mission, under Cardinal [[Humbert of Silva Candida]], to [[Constantinople]], to negotiate with Patriarch [[Michael I Cerularius]], in response to his actions concerning the church in Constantinople.<ref>Whalen, Brett Whalen (2009). ''Dominion of God: Christendom and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages'', p. 24 (Harvard University Press).</ref> Leo becomes the first pope directly to invoke the forged [[Donation of Constantine]], citing a large portion in a letter to Michael, believing it genuine.<ref>[[s::Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Donation of Constantine|"Donation of Constantine"]]. ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.</ref><ref>Migne, Jacques-Paul (1891). ''[[Patrologia Latina]]''. Volume 143 (cxliii). Col. 744–769.</ref><ref>Mansi, Giovanni Domenico. ''Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova Amplissima Collectio''. Volume 19 (xix). Col. 635–656.</ref>
* [[July 16]] &ndash; [[East-West Schism]]: Humbert of Silva Candida, representative of the newly deceased Leo IX, breaks the relations between [[Latin Church|Western]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Churches]], through the act of placing an invalidly-issued [[Papal Bull]] of excommunication during the celebration of the [[Divine Liturgy]].</onlyinclude>