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== Events == <onlyinclude> * [[September 7]] – [[Pope Alexander III]] succeeds [[Pope Adrian IV]], as the 170th [[pope]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barlow|first=Frank|date=April 1936|title=The English, Norman, and French Councils Called to Deal with the Papal Schism of 1159|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=51|issue=202|pages=264–268|doi=10.1093/ehr/LI.CCII.264|issn=0013-8266|quote=In September 1159 Pope Adrian IV died, and a double election was made to the Papacy. The imperialist faction chose Octavian, cardinal-priest of St. Cecilia, who took the title of Victor IV, and the church party Roland, the chancellor, who became known as Alexander III.|jstor=553521}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUr31ZoNGuAC&q=1159+pope+Adrian+IV&pg=PA208|title=The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature|last=Dolan|first=Terence|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=9780521890465|editor-last=Wallace|editor-first=David|location=Cambridge and New York|pages=208|language=en|chapter=Chapter 8: Writing in Ireland|orig-year=1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMpMAQAAMAAJ&q=1159+pope+Alexander+III&pg=PA161|title=Romanism as it is: An Exposition of the Roman Catholic System, for the Use of the American People Embracing a Full Account of Its Origin and Development at Rome and from Rome, Its Distinctive Features in Theory and Practice, Its Characteristic Tendencies and Aims, Its Statistical and Moral Position, and Its Special Relations to American Institutions and Liberties; the Whole Drawn from Official and Authentic Sources, and Enriched with Numerous Illustrations, Documentary, Historical, Descriptive, Anecdotical and Pictorial: Together with a Full and Complete Index, and an Appendix of Matters from 1871 to 1876|last=Barnum|first=Samuel Weed|publisher=Connecticut Publishing Company|year=1876|location=Hartford, CT|pages=11|language=en}}</ref> * [[Taira no Kiyomori]] leaves [[Kyōto]] on a personal pilgrimage, giving [[Fujiwara no Nobuyori]] and his [[Minamoto]] allies the perfect chance to stage an [[Heiji Rebellion|uprising]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mr1GDwAAQBAJ&q=1159+Heiji+Rebellion&pg=PA100|title=How To Read World History in Art: From the Code of Hammurabit to September 11|last1=Febbraro|first1=Flavio|last2=Shwetje|first2=Burkhard|publisher=Abrams Books|year=2010|isbn=9780810996830|location=New York|pages=100|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Matsunami|first=Yoshihiro|date=1979|title=Conflict within the Development of Buddhism|journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies|volume=6|issue=1/2|pages=329–345|doi=10.18874/jjrs.6.1-2.1979.329-345|issn=0304-1042|quote=Wars, beginning with the Hogen rebellion of 1156 and the Heiji rebellion of 1159, occurred in rapid succession, bringing confusion and chaos to the people.|jstor=30233204|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbwdAAAAQBAJ&q=1159+Heiji+Rebellion&pg=PA1|title=Authorizing the Shogunate: Ritual and Material Symbolism in the Literary Construction of Warrior Order|last=Selinger|first=Vyjayanthi R.|publisher=BRILL|year=2013|isbn=9789004255333|location=Leiden, Boston|pages=1|language=en|chapter=Chapter 1: Genpei Jōsuiki and the Historical Narration of the Genpei War}}</ref> * [[Tunis]] is reconquered from the [[Normans]], by the [[Almohad]] caliphs.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOKfN0lPLaoC&q=1159+Tunis+Normans&pg=RA1-PA99|title=The Normans and Their Adversaries at War: Essays in Memory of C. Warren Hollister|last1=Abels|first1=Richard Philip|last2=Bachrach|first2=Bernard S.|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|year=2001|isbn=9780851158471|location=Woodbridge, UK, Rochester, NY|pages=99|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIMRDQAAQBAJ&q=1159+Tunis+Normans&pg=PA197|title=Historical Dictionary of Tunisia|last=Perkins|first=Kenneth J.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|isbn=9781442273184|edition= Third|location=Lanham, MA, Boulder, CO, New York, London|pages=197|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2By-NdV93AC&q=1159+Tunis+Normans&pg=PR294|title=The Rough Guide to Tunisia|last1=Jacobs|first1=Daniel|last2=Morris|first2=Peter|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2001|isbn=9781858287485|location=London and New York|pages=432|language=en}}</ref> * (Approximate date): Churchman [[Richard FitzNeal]] is appointed [[Lord High Treasurer]] in [[Kingdom of England|England]], in charge of [[Henry II of England]]'s [[Exchequer]], an office he will hold for almost 40 years.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q95RAQAAIAAJ&q=1159+Richard+FitzNeal&pg=PA88|title=Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval England: The Wardrobe, the Chamber and the Small Seals|last=Tout|first=Thomas Frederick|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1920|volume=1|location=Manchester and New York|pages=88|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRtWubS24-YC&q=1159+Richard+FitzNeal&pg=PA29|title=The Cartulary of Chatteris Abbey|last=Abbey|first=Chatteris|publisher=Boydell Press|year=1999|isbn=9780851157504|location=Woodbridge, UK and Rochester, NY|pages=29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karn|first=Nicholas|date=2007|title=Nigel, bishop of Ely, and the restoration of the exchequer after the 'anarchy' of King Stephen's reign*|journal=Historical Research|language=en|volume=80|issue=209|pages=299–314|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00392.x|issn=1468-2281|quote=The author of the Liber Eliensis indicates that Richard was appointed in 1159, during the preparations for the Toulouse campaign}}</ref>
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