Editing 1189 (section)

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Continental Europe ====
* [[May 11]] &ndash; Emperor [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]] (Barbarossa) sets out from [[Regensburg]], at the head of a German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men, including 4,000 knights). He has ensured that his lands are safe while he is away on crusade and leaves his son [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] in charge of the country. After leaving [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]], Frederick's army is increased by a contingent of 2,000 men led by Prince [[Géza, son of Géza II of Hungary|Géza]], younger brother of King [[Béla III of Hungary]]. On [[July 27]], he arrives at [[Niš]] and is welcomed by [[Stefan Nemanja]], Grand Prince of [[Grand Principality of Serbia|Serbia]]. In order to ease his passage, Frederick makes diplomatic contacts with [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Hungary]], the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the Seljuk [[Sultanate of Rum]].<ref>Freed, John (2016). ''Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth'', pp. 491–492. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-122763}}.</ref>
* [[July 6]] &ndash; King [[Henry II of England]] ("Curtmantle") dies at the [[Château de Chinon]], near [[Tours]], after doing homage to [[Philip II of France|Philip II]] (Augustus), and surrendering the territories around [[Issoudun]] in the [[Centre-Val de Loire]]. He ends the hostilities against Philip, by agreeing to the peace terms and pays him 20,000 marks in [[tribute]]. Henry is succeeded by his son, [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] ("the Lionheart"), as ruler of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and his remaining territories in France.<ref name="King John' 1961. p. 38">{{cite book|title=King John|first=W. Lewis|last=Warren|publisher=University of California Press|year=1961|pages=38–40}}</ref>
* August &ndash; Byzantine Emperor [[Isaac II Angelos]] denies any crusader access and begins to hinder the German forces who try to cross his frontier. Frederick I progresses with force, by capturing [[Philippopolis (Thrace)|Philippopolis]] and defeats a Byzantine army (some 3,000 men) that attempts to recapture the city. The Germans are delayed for six months in [[Thrace]].<ref>Treadgold, Warren (1997). ''A History of the Byzantine State and Society'', p. 658. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-8047-2630-2}}.</ref>
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Ban Kulin]], Bosnian ruler, writes the [[Charter of Ban Kulin]], which becomes a symbolic "birth certificate" of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian]] language and statehood.
* [[Reconquista]]: King [[Sancho I of Portugal]] ("the Populator") turns his attention towards the Moorish small kingdoms (called [[taifa]]s) and begins a campaign in  the south of [[Kingdom of Portugal|his kingdom]]. With the help of crusader forces he conquers the town of [[Silves, Portugal|Silves]]. He orders the fortification of the city, builds a castle and styles himself "King of Silves".<ref>Charles Wendell David, ed. ''[[De itinere navali|Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium, A.D. 1189]]''. In ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', p. 81. (Dec., 1939): 591–676.</ref>
* [[November 11]] &ndash; King [[William II of Sicily]] ("the Good"), having made peace with Emperor Isaac II and abandoned [[Thessalonika]] and other conquests, dies childless at [[Palermo]]. The Sicilian nobles elect [[Tancred, King of Sicily|Tancred of Lecce]] (illegitimate son of [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger II]]) as the new ruler of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], instead of Princess [[Constance I of Sicily|Constance]] and her husband Henry VI, to avoid German rule.<ref>Steven Runciman (1990). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100–1187'', p. 403. Penguin Books.</ref>
* Frederick I grants [[Hamburg]] the status of a [[free imperial city]] and tax-free access (or [[free-trade zone]]) up the [[Unterelbe|Lower Elbe]] into the [[North Sea]]. He also grants the right to fish, to cut trees and the freedom of military service.<ref>Verg, Erich; Verg, Martin (2007), Das Abenteuer das Hamburg heißt (in German) (4th ed.), Hamburg: Ellert&Richter, ISBN 978-3-8319-0137-1</ref>

==== Britain ====
* August &ndash; [[William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke|William Marshal]] marries the 17-year-old [[Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke|Isabel de Clare]] (daughter of [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Richard de Clare]]). Through this marriage, he becomes 1st [[Earl of Pembroke]], acquiring huge estates in England, [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]], [[Wales]] and [[Ireland]].
* [[September 3]] &ndash; Richard I is crowned king of England in [[Westminster Abbey]]. During the coronation, a number of notable Jews are expelled from the banquet and rumours spread that Richard has ordered a massacre of the Jews. This causes an actual [[History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)#Massacres at London and York (1189–1190)|massacre of the Jews in London]]; among those killed is [[Jacob of Orléans]], a respected French Jewish scholar.<ref name="King John' 1961. p. 38"/>
* [[December 5]] &ndash; King [[William the Lion|William I]] ("the Lion") of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] gives Richard I 10,000 marks to buy his kingdom's independence. This overturns the [[Treaty of Falaise]] which William had to sign when he was captured in [[1174]].
* December &ndash; Richard I sets sail with a crusader army from [[Dover Castle]] to [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]. To ensure he has the allegiance of his brother [[John, King of England|John]], Richard approves of his marriage to their cousin [[Isabella, Countess of Gloucester|Isabella of Gloucester]].<ref name="King John' 1961. p. 38"/>
* Winter &ndash; John awards land to [[Bertram de Verdun#Bertram III de Verdun|Bertram de Verdun]], a Norman nobleman, and grants [[Dundalk]] its charter with town privileges; it becomes a strategic Anglo-Norman stronghold in Ireland.<ref>Gosling, Paul (1991). ''From Dún Delca to Dundalk: The Topography and Archaeology of a Medieval Frontier Town A.D. c. 1187–1700.'', p. 237. Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society.</ref>

==== Levant ====
* May &ndash; [[Saladin]] has reconquered the Crusader [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] except for [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. The castles of [[Montréal (castle)|Montréal]] and [[Kerak Castle|Kerak]] are captured by Muslim forces. In the north, Saladin has regained the [[Principality of Antioch]] except for [[Antioch]] and the castle of [[Al-Qusayr, Syria|Al-Qusayr]] in Syria.<ref>[[David Nicolle]] (2011). Osprey: Command 12 – Saladin, p. 37. {{ISBN|978-1-84908-317-1}}.</ref>
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Siege of Acre (1189–1191)|Siege of Acre]]: King [[Guy of Lusignan]] moves from Tyre, where [[Conrad of Montferrat]] refuses to hand over the city. Guy and his crusader army (some 7,000 men, including 400 knights) besiege [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. He makes camp outside, to wait for more reinforcements.<ref>David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Command 12 – Saladin, p. 40. {{ISBN|978-1-84908-317-1}}.</ref> 
* September &ndash; Guy of Lusignan receives reinforcements of some 12,000 men from [[Denmark]], Germany, England, France, and [[County of Flanders|Flanders]]. He encircles Acre with a double line of fortified positions. On [[September 15]], Saladin launches a failed attack on Guy's camp.<ref>Cartwright, Mark (2018). ''The Siege of Acre, 1189–91 CE''. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1263/</ref>
* [[October 4]] &ndash; Guy of Lusignan leads the crusader forces to launch a full-on assault on Saladin's camp. With heavy casualties on both sides, neither force gains the upperhand. On [[October 26]], Saladin moves his camp from Acre to [[Mount Carmel]] (modern [[Israel]]).<ref>David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Command 12 – Saladin, p. 38. {{ISBN|978-1-84908-317-1}}.</ref>
* [[October 30]] &ndash; An Egyptian fleet (some 50 ships) breaks through the crusader blockade at Acre and reinforces the port-city with some 10,000 men, as well as food and weapons.
* December &ndash; An Egyptian fleet reopens communications with Acre. The rest of the winter passes without major incidents, but the supply situation is poor in the besieged city.

==== Asia ====
* [[February 18]] &ndash; Emperor [[Emperor Xiaozong of Song|Xiaozong]] abdicates in favour of his son [[Emperor Guangzong of Song|Guangzong]] as ruler of the [[Song dynasty]]. Xiaozong becomes a ''[[Taishang Huang]]'' ("Retired Emperor") and remains as the ''[[de facto]]'' ruler of [[China]].<ref>Xiong, Victor Cunrui; Hammond, Kenneth J. (2018). ''Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History'', p. 302. {{ISBN|978-1317-53-822-6}}.</ref></onlyinclude>