Editing 1194 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== England ====
* [[February 4]] &ndash; King [[Richard I of England]] ("the Lionheart") is ransomed for an amount of 150,000 marks (demanded by Emperor [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]]), raised by his mother [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] – who travels to [[Austria]] to gain his release. Henry will never receive the full amount he demanded. 
* [[March]] &ndash; Richard returns to [[Kingdom of England|England]], and remains for only a few weeks before returning to the [[Continental Europe|Continent]]. He leaves the administration of England in the hands of [[Hubert Walter]], archbishop of [[Diocese of Canterbury|Canterbury]], who accompanied Richard on the [[Third Crusade]] and led his army back to England. He levied the taxes to pay the king's ransom and put down a plot against Richard by his younger brother [[John, King of England|John]].
* [[March 12]]&ndash;[[March 28|28]] &ndash; Richard I besieges [[Nottingham Castle]] (occupied by supporters of John) – which falls after a siege of several days. Richard is aided by English troops under [[Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester|Ranulf de Blondeville]] and [[David, Earl of Huntingdon|David of Scotland]].<ref name="Cassells1194">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/129|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/129 129–131]}}</ref>
* [[April 17]] &ndash; Richard I is crowned for the second time, at [[Winchester]], to underline his rightful position as monarch. During the coronation, he wears a golden crown and is followed by notables from the Church and State.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=73–75|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[May]] &ndash; Richard I calls for a council in [[Nottingham]] to raise funds for an expedition to [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]. On [[May 12]], he leaves for [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] with a large fleet (some 300 ships), to reclaim lands lost to King [[Philip II of France]] ("Augustus").<ref name="auto" />
* [[History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)#Ordinance of the Jewry, 1194|Ordinance of the Jewry]]: Beginning of strict records of financial transactions by [[Jews]] liable to taxation. The [[Exchequer of the Jews]] at [[Westminster]] regulates the taxes and the law-cases (also in [[Wales]]).

==== Europe ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Casimir II the Just]], High Duke of [[Lesser Poland|Poland]], organizes an expedition against the Baltic [[Yotvingians]]. The expedition ends with full success, and Casimir has a triumphant return in [[Kraków]]. On [[May 5]], after a banquet, which is held to celebrate his return, Casimir dies unexpectedly (possibly poisoned). He is succeeded by his eldest surviving son [[Leszek the White]], who has to face strong opposition from his uncle [[Mieszko III the Old]]. 
* [[July 3]] &ndash; [[Battle of Fréteval]]: English forces under Richard I defeat Philip II, and capture the French [[Wagon train|baggage train]]. It contains the royal archives – including a list of the treasure of the French kingdom (transported in a wagon behind the army). Philip withdraws across the [[Epte|River Epte]], where the bridge collapses under the weight of the retreating army. Meanwhile, Richard sacks the town of [[Évreux]], which is a possession of Philip's ally, John.<ref>John Gillingham (2002). ''Richard I'', p. 285. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-09404-6}}.</ref>
* [[November 20]] &ndash; Emperor [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] enforces the inheritance claims by his wife, [[Constance I of Sicily|Constance I]], against her illegitimate nephew, King [[Tancred, King of Sicily|Tancred of Lecce]] (who died on [[February 20]]). He takes [[Palermo]] (supported by the navy of [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]]) and gains control of all of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] – ending Norman rule in [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] after 90 years.<ref name="auto">Williams, Hywel (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 131. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* [[December 25]] &ndash; Henry VI deposes the 8-year-old [[William III of Sicily|William III]] (son of Tancred de Lecce) and is crowned king of Sicily. The next day, Constance I, who stays in the town of [[Iesi]], gives birth to [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], the future emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref>Horst Fuhrmann (1986). ''Germany in the High Middle Ages: c. 1050–1200'', p. 181. Cambridge University Press.{{ISBN|978-0-521-31980-5}}.</ref>

==== Levant ====
* October &ndash; [[Leo I, King of Armenia|Leo I]] ("Lord of the Mountains"), ruler of  [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenian Cilicia]], invites [[Bohemond III of Antioch]] to [[Bagras]], ostensibly to resolve their differences. Upon Bohemond's arrival, Leon captures him and his family, and takes them to the capital of [[Sis (ancient city)|Sis]].<ref>Burgtorf, Jochen (2016). ''The Antiochene War of Succession'', p. 199. In Boas, Adrian J. (ed.). ''The Crusader World''. University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN|978-0-415-82494-1}}.</ref>

==== Seljuk Empire ====
* [[March 10]] &ndash; Sultan [[Toghrul III]] is defeated and killed in battle with [[Ala ad-Din Tekish]], near [[Rey, Iran|Rey]] in [[Persia]] – ending the [[Seljuq dynasty]] of [[Hamedan]]. The [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuk Empire]] passes to the [[Khwarazmian dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Grousset|first=René|author-link=René Grousset|title=The Empire of the Steppes|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou|url-access=registration|location=New Brunswick|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=1970|isbn=0-8135-1304-9}}</ref>

==== China ====
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Emperor Guangzong of Song]] (or Zhao Dun) is forced to abdicate the throne to his 25-year-old son [[Emperor Ningzong|Ningzong]], who succeeds him as ruler of the [[Song dynasty]]. During his reign, he will be dominated by his prime-minister [[Han Tuozhou]] (or Han T'o-Chou).
* The [[Yellow River]] experiences a major course change, taking over the [[Huai River]] drainage system for the next 700 years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grousset|first=René|title=The Rise and Splendour of the Chinese Empire|page=303|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|year=1959}}</ref>

==== Mesoamerica ====
* [[Hunac Ceel]] drives the [[Itza people]] out of [[Chichen Itza]], forcing them to start the [[Peten Itza Kingdom|Itza Kingdom]] on [[Lake Petén Itzá]] (modern [[Guatemala]]).

=== By topic ===

==== Commerce ====
* [[May 2]] &ndash; Richard I grants [[Portsmouth]] market-town status with a royal charter. He orders the construction of docks on [[The Solent]] – having seen that the harbour is a perfect base for trade and the English fleet.<ref>Quail, Sarah (1994). ''The Origins of Portsmouth and the First Charter'', pp. 14–18. City of Portsmouth. {{ISBN|0-901559-92-X}}.</ref>

==== Economy and society ====
* [[Hubert Walter]], vice-[[regent]] in the absence of Richard I, institutes the office of [[coroner]] to keep records of crown pleas. He also presides over the feudal judgment of John and makes an inquiry into land tenure.<ref name="auto"/>

==== Religion ====
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Michael the Syrian]] reconsecrates the [[Mor Bar Sauma Monastery]], which he reconstructed after its destruction by a fire. The monastery stays a center of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] until the end of the thirteenth century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Micheau |first1=Francoise |editor1-last=Angold |editor1-first=Michael |title=The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity |date=17 August 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-81113-2 |page=399 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC |access-date=6 February 2025 |language=en |chapter=Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites}}</ref>
* [[July 10]] &ndash; A fire devastates [[Chartres Cathedral]]. Only the crypt, the towers, and the new facade survives. Funds are collected from nobles, as well as small donations from ordinary people, to start the rebuilding.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Sutton|title=Architecture, from Ancient Greece to the Present|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=1999|isbn=978-0-500-20316-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/westernarchitect00utt}}</ref>
* The [[Carthusians|Carthusian]] [[Cartoixa d'Escaladei|monastery of Scala Dei]] is founded in the region of [[Montsant range|Montsant]] in [[Catalonia]].<ref name="Guide">{{cite web |title=Carthusian Monastery of Escaladei |url=https://patrimoni.gencat.cat/en/monuments/monumentos/carthusian-monastery-of-escaladei |website=Monuments de Catalunya |publisher=Generalitat de Catalunya |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref></onlyinclude>