Editing 1198 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[March 8]] &ndash; [[Philip of Swabia]], son of the late Emperor [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]], is elected "King of Germany" by his supporters at [[Mühlhausen]] in [[Thuringia]]. Archbishop [[Adolf of Altena|Adolf of Cologne]] elects [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto of Brunswick]], son of [[Henry the Lion]], as Philip's rival. Otto IV is crowned as [[King of the Romans]] in [[Aachen]] by supporters of the [[House of Welf]]. Philip's [[coronation]] does not take place until [[September 8]], at [[Mainz]].
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], infant son of the late Emperor [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]], is crowned King of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]]. His mother, Queen [[Constance I of Sicily|Constance I]] becomes [[regent]], while she surrounds herself with local advisors. On [[November 27]], Constance dies in the royal palace at [[Palermo]]. She is succeeded by the new pope, [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]], who becomes Frederick's guardian and mentor.

==== England ====
* [[John, King of England|John of England]] captures a party of 18 French knights and many men-at-arms, in the ongoing conflict against [[France in the Middle Ages|France]].<ref>''King John'' by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 47</ref> His brother, King [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] ('''the Lionheart''') introduces a new Great Seal – in an attempt to keep the war against France funded. The government proclaims that charters previously struck with the old seal are no longer valid and must be renewed with a fresh payment.<ref>''King John'' by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 62</ref>  The office of [[Lord Warden of the Stannaries]] is also introduced, to tax the produce of tin mines in [[Cornwall]] and [[Devon]].<ref>''King John'' by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 124</ref>
* [[September 27]] &ndash; [[Battle of Gisors]]: Richard I defeats the French forces led by [[Philip II of France|Philip II]] ('''Augustus''') at [[Courcelles-lès-Gisors]], in [[Picardy]]. Richard captures three castles on the border of the [[Vexin]]. The French troops, many of them mounted, crowd the bridge leading into Gisors Castle but it collapses beneath them. The French king is among those who plunge into the water in his armor. Many French knights drown, but Philip is pulled to safety.

==== Levant ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Aimery of Cyprus|Amalric I]], ruler of [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]], marries Princess [[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella I]], daughter of the late King [[Amalric I of Jerusalem|Amalric I]]. A few days later they are crowned as King and Queen of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] at [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. On [[July 1]], Amalric signs a truce with [[Al-Adil I]], sultan of [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] and [[Syria]], securing the Crusader possessions from Acre to as far as [[Antioch]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 79–82. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[February 18]] &ndash; Emperor [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]] (or '''Toba the Second''') abdicates the throne in favor of his two-year-old son [[Emperor Tsuchimikado|Tsuchimikado]], after a 14-year reign.
* Emperor [[Emperor Ningzong|Ningzong of Song]] bans the practice of [[Neo-Confucianism]].<ref name=Cambridge>{{cite book |last = Twitchett|first = Denis|title = The Cambridge History of China, Volume 5: The Sung dynasty and its Predecessors, 907–1279|year = 2009 |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = Cambridge |isbn = 9780521812481 |page=787}}</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Literature ====
* [[December 11]] &ndash; [[Averroes]] (or '''Ibn Rushd'''), Arab polymath and physician, dies. He is the author of more than 100 books, for which he is known in the [[western world]] as ''The Commentator and Father of Rationalism''.<ref>Gill, John (2009). ''Andalucía: A Cultural History'', pp. 108–110. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-537610-4}}.</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[January 8]] &ndash; Pope [[Pope Celestine III|Celestine III]] dies at [[Rome]], after a [[pontificate]] of nearly 7 years. He is succeeded by [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]], as the 176th pope of the [[Catholic Church]]. Shortly after he lays an [[Interdict (Catholic canon law)|interdict]] on [[Laon]], in an attempt to create independent beliefs there. This will be followed by interdicts against France in [[1199]], and [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] in [[1203]].
* Innocent III excommunicates Philip II for repudiating his marriage to [[Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France|Ingeborg of Denmark]] (see [[1193]]), to whom he took an almost instant dislike, but public opinion forces Philip to effect a reconciliation with the pope.
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