Editing 1230 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Battle of Klokotnitsa]]: Byzantine forces under [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas|Theodore Komnenos]] ('''Doukas''') invade [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]], breaking the peace treaty with Tsar [[Ivan Asen II]]. Theodore gathers a large army, including western mercenaries. The two armies meet near the village of [[Klokotnitsa, Haskovo Province|Klokotnitsa]]. Ivan applies clever tactics and manages to surround the Byzantines. They are completely defeated, only a small force under Theodore's brother [[Manuel Doukas]] manages to escape the battlefield. Theodore is taken prisoner and is blinded. In the aftermath, Ivan quickly extends its control over most of Theodore's domains in [[Thrace]], [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and [[Albania]]. The Latin [[Duchy of Philippopolis]] and the independent principality of [[Alexius Slav]] are also captured and annexed into Bulgaria.<ref>{{The Late Medieval Balkans | page=125}}</ref>

==== Europe ====
* King [[Alfonso IX of León|Alfonso IX]] defeats Ibn Hud al-Yamani (known as Almogàver by the Christians). This success opens the road to [[Badajoz]] to the Leonese troops.<ref name=linehan1999a>{{New Cambridge Medieval History | volume=5|pages=668–673|author=[[Peter Linehan]]|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}</ref> The Portuguese king [[Sancho II of Portugal|Sancho II]] continues his offensive southward and takes [[Beja, Portugal|Beja]], [[Juromenha]], [[Serpa]] and [[Moura Municipality|Moura]].<ref name=picard2000>{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}</ref>
* August &ndash; [[Treaty of Ceprano (1230)|Treaty of Ceprano]]: Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] returns from the [[Sixth Crusade]] and signs a peace agreement with Pope [[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]] at [[Ceprano]]. He agrees not to violate any territories held by the [[Papal States]] in return for Frederick's concessions in [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]].<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 138. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* Frederick II bestows on the [[Teutonic Order]] a special privilege for the conquest of [[Prussia]], including [[Chełmno Land]], with papal sovereignty. He allows the Teutonic Knights to forcibly convert the [[Old Prussians|Prussians]] to [[Christianity]].
* [[September 24]] &ndash; Alfonso IX dies after a 42-year reign and is succeeded by his son [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]]. He receives the [[Kingdom of León]], in return for compensation in cash and lands for his half-sisters [[Sancha, heiress of León|Sancha]] and [[Dulce of León|Dulce]].
* [[Sieges of Galway#De Burgh's siege of 1230|Siege of Galway]]: Norman forces under [[Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Baron of Connaught|Richard Mór de Burgh]] invade [[Connacht]] and desolate a large portion of the country. He besieges [[Galway]], but is forced to retreat after a week-long inconclusive battle.

==== England ====
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[English invasion of France (1230)|English invasion of France]]: King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] embarks from [[Portsmouth]] with a large expeditionary force. On [[May 2]], he arrives at [[Guernsey]], and the next day the English army lands at [[Saint-Malo]], where [[Peter I, Duke of Brittany|Peter I]] (or '''de Dreux'''), duke of [[Duchy of Brittany|Brittany]], meets Henry to pay him homage. During the months, the English forces march through the [[County of Anjou]], taking the castle of [[Mirebeau]] in late July.<ref>Carpenter, David (2004). ''The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284'', p. 130. London, UK: Penguin. {{ISBN|978-0-14-014824-4}}.</ref>
* [[October 27]] &ndash; Henry III signs a truce with King [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] ('''the Saint''') and returns to Portsmouth. He leaves a small force under Peter I and [[Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester|Ranulf de Blondeville]], to act against the French in Brittany and [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]].

==== Middle East ====
* [[Battle of Yassıçemen]]: A Seljuk-Ayyubid coalition (some 40,000 men) defeats the Khwarazmians under Sultan [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]] at [[Erzincan]] on the Upper-[[Euphrates]].

=== By topic ===

==== Literature ====
* The ''[[Carmina Burana]]'' poetry and song collection is created (approximate date).<ref>''Carmina Burana. Die Lieder der Benediktbeurer Handschrift. Zweisprachige Ausgabe,'' hg. u. übers. v. Carl Fischer und Hugo Kuhn, dtv, München 1991; wenn man dagegen z.&nbsp;B. CB 211 und 211a jeweils als zwei Lieder zählt, kommt man auf insgesamt 315 Texte in der Sammlung, so auch Dieter Schaller, ''Carmina Burana'', in: [[Lexikon des Mittelalters]], Bd. 2, Artemis Verlag, München und Zürich 1983, Sp. 1513</ref>
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