Editing 1231 (section)

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] promulgates the [[Constitutions of Melfi]] (''Liber Augustalis''), a collection of laws for [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], as well as the Edict of [[Salerno]], regulating the exercise of [[medicine]] and separating the professions of [[physician]] and [[apothecary]], and requiring medical schools to practice dissection.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rashdall|first1=Hastings|title=The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages|date=1895|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/universitieseur00unkngoog/page/n119 85]|url=https://archive.org/details/universitieseur00unkngoog|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref>
* ''[[Reconquista]]'':
** Castillian forces under King [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] ("the Saint") re-conquer the city of [[Quesada, Spain|Quesada]].<ref name=linehan1999c>{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668–673|author=Peter Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}</ref>
** [[Battle of Jerez]]: Ferdinand III defeats Emir [[Ibn Hud]] of the Taifa of [[Murcia]].
* [[Peter des Roches]], Bishop of Winchester, negotiates a 3-year truce between England and France.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=80–82|isbn=978-0-7126-5616-0}}</ref>

==== Britain ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent|Hubert de Burgh]] becomes a powerful lord in the [[Welsh Marches]], controlling the castles at [[Cardigan Castle|Cardigan]] and [[Carmarthen Castle|Carmarthen]]. He begins to threaten the local Welsh leaders, [[Llywelyn the Great]] launches a campaign against Norman lordship in [[Wales]].
* [[August 13]] &ndash; King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] orders the sheriffs of [[Hampshire]], [[Dorset]]shire and [[Wiltshire]] to give [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]] the possession of the lands of his father, [[Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort the elder]].
* December &ndash; Henry III ends his Welsh campaign and makes peace with Llywelyn the Great.<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 138. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* The [[University of Cambridge]] is recognised by a writ of authority over its townspeople from Henry III.<ref>[[Close Roll]]s.</ref>

==== Levant ====
* Autumn &ndash; Frederick II appoints Marshal [[Richard Filangieri]] as his imperial [[Ambassador|legate]], and sends an expeditionary army of mostly [[Lombardy|Lombards]] for the defense of [[Jerusalem]]. He gathers some 600 knights, 100 "sergeants-at-arms", 700 armed infantrymen, and 3,000 marines. The army is supported by 32 war-galleys.<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 164. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[War of the Lombards]]: Richard Filangieri sails for [[Beirut]], where the town is handed over to him. He occupies [[Sidon]] and [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] – while other Lombard forces appear before [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. At Acre, Filangieri summons a meeting of the High Court and shows letters from Frederick II appointing him as ambassador (''[[Bailo|baili]]'').<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 165. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

==== China ====
* [[April 9]] &ndash; A huge fire breaks out at night in the southeast of [[Hangzhou]] during the [[Song dynasty]]. Fighting the flames is difficult due to limited visibility. When the fires are extinguished, it is discovered that an entire district of the city (some 10,000 houses) has been consumed by the flames.

==== Mongol Empire ====
* August &ndash; [[Ögedei Khan]] orders the invasion of [[Korea]]. A Mongol army crosses the [[Yalu River]] and quickly secures the surrender of the border town of [[Uiju County|Uiju]]. The Mongols are joined by [[Hong Pok-wŏn]], a Goryeo general, who takes their side with his subordinates numbering some 1500 families.<ref>Pirozhenko, Oleg (2005). ''Political Trends of Hong Bog Won Clan in the Period of Mongol Domination'', p. 240. International Journal of Korean History.</ref>
* [[Siege of Kuju]]: Mongol forces besiege the city of [[Kusong|Kuju]]. They deploy assault teams who man [[siege tower]]s and scale ladders. Despite the fact the Goryeo army is heavily outnumbered, the garrison refuses to surrender.

=== By topic ===

==== Religion ====
* [[April 13]] &ndash; Pope [[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]] issues ''[[Parens scientiarum]]''. The bull assures the independence and self-governance of the [[University of Paris]].</onlyinclude>