Editing 1277 (section)

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277|Byzantine–Venetian Treaty]]: Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] concludes an agreement with the [[Republic of Venice]]. Stipulating a two-year truce, and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Michael keeps the Venetians and their fleet from participating in the attempts of [[Charles I of Anjou|Charles I]], king of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], to organize an anti-Byzantine crusade, while the Venetians can retain their access to the Byzantine market.<ref>{{Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations|pages=197–201}}</ref>
* Summer &ndash; [[Uprising of Ivaylo]]: An uprising under [[Ivaylo of Bulgaria|Ivaylo]] breaks out in northeastern [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]] against the failure of Emperor [[Konstantin Tih]] to cope with the constant Mongol invasions which have devastated the country for years. Ivaylo confronts and defeats the plundering Mongols, and by autumn all Mongols are driven out of Bulgarian territory. In return, Konstantin gathers a small army and tries unsuccessfully to suppress the revolt but is himself killed in battle.
* Late &ndash; [[Battle of Pharsalus (1277)|Battle of Pharsalus]]: Michael VIII sends a Byzantine expeditionary army under [[John Synadenos (megas stratopedarches)|John Synadenos]] to invade [[Thessaly]]. The Byzantines are ambushed and defeated by Greek forces under [[John I Doukas of Thessaly|John I Doukas]], Latin ruler of Thessaly, near (Old) [[Farsala|Pharsalus]]. During the battle, Synadenos is captured and [[Michael Kaballarios]], commander of the Latin mercenaries, dies shortly afterward of his wounds.<ref>Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). ''Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations'', p. 297. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. {{OCLC|101176343}}.</ref>

==== Europe ====
* [[January 21]] &ndash; [[Battle of Desio]]: Lombard forces under Archbishop [[Ottone Visconti]] defeat the [[Della Torre]] family troops for the rule of [[Milan]]. Later, Ottone enters the city in triumph, and imprisons [[Napoleone della Torre]] in the [[Castello Baradello]] at [[Como]] (Northern [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]]). 
* February &ndash; The Duke of Wrocław [[Henry IV Probus]] is kidnapped from his estates in [[Jelcz-Laskowice|Jelcz]], and moved to [[Legnica]] by [[Bolesław II the Bald]].
* March &ndash; [[Siger of Brabant]], Dutch teacher and philosopher, is condemned by the French [[Inquisition]] for his advocacy of the [[Averroism|Averroist]] doctrine that reason is separate from Christian faith.<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 148. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref> 
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Charles I of Anjou|Charles I]], king of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], buys the title to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] from [[Maria of Antioch (pretender)|Maria of Antioch]], for 1,000 [[bezant]]s and an annual payment of 4,000 [[livres tournois]].<ref>Runciman, Steven (1958). ''The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century'', p. 173. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-107-60474-2}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Lock | first = Peter | title = The Routledge Companion to the Crusaders | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781135131371 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC |page = 119}}</ref>
* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[Mehmet I of Karaman]], Seljuk vizier, issues a [[firman]] (decree) ordering the Turkish language to be used, instead of Arabic or Persian in government offices.
* August &ndash; Marinid forces led by Sultan [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq|Abu Yusuf]] cross the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] and marches north, ravaging the districts of [[Jerez de la Frontera]], [[Seville]] and [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]].<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait'', p. 73. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>

==== Britain ====
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Aberconwy]]: Prince [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]] and King [[Edward I of England]] sign a peace treaty which leaves Llywelyn only with the western part of [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]].
* [[Roger Bacon]], Franciscan friar and [[University of Oxford]] lecturer, is arrested for spreading anti-Church views; specifically, the Church's stance on Greek philosopher [[Galen]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Wilkinson | first = Alf | title = Health and the People | publisher = Hodder Education | year = 2016 | isbn = 9781471864216 | url = https://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Product?Product=9781471864216 | page = 19}}</ref>

==== Levant ====
* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[Battle of Elbistan]]: A Mamluk army (some 14,000 men) under Sultan [[Baibars]] marches from [[Syria]] into the Mongol-dominated [[Sultanate of Rum]] and attacks the Mongol occupation force at [[Elbistan]]. Baibars, with at least 10,000 horsemen, defeats and overwhelms the Mongol forces. After the battle, he marches unopposed to [[Kayseri]] in the heart of [[Anatolia]] in triumph and enters the city on [[April 23]].<ref>Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995). ''Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Illkhanid War, 1260–1281'', p. 174. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. {{ISBN|978-0-521-46226-6}}.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[Battle of Ngasaunggyan]]: A Burmese army (some 80,000 men) led by King [[Narathihapate]] (or Sithu IV) invades  Mongol territory in [[Yunnan]]. The invasion is repelled by the Mongol forces, who counterattack, reaching as far south as the fortress city of [[Yingjiang County|Kaungsin]] ("Gold Teeth"), which guards the [[Bhamo|Bhamo Pass]] in northern [[Myanmar]]. Later, the Burmese [[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan Empire]] begins to disintegrate after several [[First Mongol invasion of Burma#Border war (1277–1278)|Mongol invasions]] under [[Kublai Khan]].<ref>[[Than Tun]] (1964). ''Studies in Burmese History'' (in Burmese). Vol 1. Yangon: Maha Dagon. pp. 136–137.</ref>
* Migration of the (Southern) [[Song dynasty]]: Some 50,000 citizens of the Song dynasty in [[China]] become the first recorded inhabitants of [[Macau]], as they seek refuge from the invading armies of the [[Yuan dynasty]]. They also stay for a short period in (New) [[Kowloon]].<ref>Minahan, James B. (2014). ''Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia'', p. 169. {{ISBN|978-1-61069-017-1}}.</ref>
* In [[Japan]], a 20 kilometer stone wall defending the coast of [[Hakata Bay]] at [[Fukuoka]] on the island of [[Kyushu]] is completed; it is built in response to the attempted [[Yuan dynasty]] [[Mongol invasion of Japan]] in [[1274]].

=== By topic ===

==== Religion ====
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Condemnations of 1210–1277#Condemnation of 1277|Condemnation of 1277]]: [[Pope John XXI]] instructs [[Étienne Tempier]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris|Paris]], to investigate the complaints of theologians in [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]. By order 219 propositions of philosophical and theological doctrines such as Averroism are prohibited from discussion in the [[University of Paris]], under a decree promulgated by Tempier.<ref>Duhem, Pierre (1913). "History of Physics". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>
* April &ndash; John XXI sends a papal embassy to [[Constantinople]] to force Michael VIII Palaiologos, his 18-year-old son and heir [[Andronikos II Palaiologos|Andronikos]] and Patriarch [[John XI of Constantinople|John XI Bekkos]] to reaffirm their allegiance to the [[Second Council of Lyon|Union of Lyon]] in the [[Palace of Blachernae]]. Michael refuses to accept a religious union of the Greek [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]] with [[Rome]].<ref>Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). ''Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations'', p. 276. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. {{OCLC|101176343}}.</ref> 
* [[May 20]] &ndash; John XXI dies after an 8-month [[pontificate]] at [[Viterbo]]. He is succeeded by [[Pope Nicholas III|Nicholas III]] as the 188th pope of the [[Catholic Church]] (until [[1280]]).</onlyinclude>