Editing 1278 (section)

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[William of Villehardouin|William II of Villehardouin]], prince of [[Principality of Achaea|Achaea]], dies. By the terms of the [[Treaty of Viterbo]], his lands passed under the direct control of [[Charles I of Anjou|Charles I]], king of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]]. Charles appoints a ''[[bailiff]]'' to rule the Latin principality.<ref>Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). ''The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'', p. 193. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}.</ref> In response, Charles swears fealty to the new pope, [[Pope Nicholas III|Nicholas III]], on [[May 24]]. He promises not to attack or invade the [[Byzantine Empire]] because Nicholas has hopes to unify the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]] with the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). ''The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'', p. 186. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}.</ref>
* [[August 5]] &ndash; [[Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)|Siege of Algeciras]]: Castilian forces (some 30,000 men) led by King [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] ("the Wise") besiege [[Algeciras]] (at this time under control of the [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinids]]). A fleet of 24 ships and some 80 galleys is placed in the [[Bay of Gibraltar]] to prevent the supply of the city from nearby [[Gibraltar]]. The fleet is made up of most of the members of the [[Order of Saint Mary of Spain]], a military-[[religious order]] which is concentrated in naval warfare.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 75. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[August 26]] &ndash; [[Battle on the Marchfeld]]: German-Hungarian forces (some 9,000 men) led by Kings [[Rudolf I of Germany]] in alliance with [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary]] ("the Cuman"), defeat and kill [[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Ottokar II]], ruler of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]]. The battle ends the power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of [[Central Europe]]. Rudolf's [[House of Habsburg]] will continue to rule [[Austria]] and other captured territories, until the end of [[World War I]] in [[1918]].<ref>Clauss, M. (2010). Rogers, Clifford, J. (ed.). ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Volume I'', p. 552–554. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0195334036}}.</ref>
* [[September 29]] &ndash; Aragonese forces led by King [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter III]] take the Muslim stronghold of [[Montesa, Valencia|Montesa]], putting an end to two years of [[Mudéjar]] rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm and go into exile.<ref name=negotiating>{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjFacnscoBIC&q=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243|page=120}}</ref>

==== England ====
* [[November 17]] &ndash; King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] ("Longshanks") raises the penalty for [[Methods of coin debasement|coin clipping]] from banishment to execution. All Jews are subjected to arrest and search of their homes on suspicion of coin clipping. Some 680 Jews are imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]], with more than 300 subsequently executed. At this time, the Jewish population is believed to have been some 3,000.<ref>David B. Green. Haaretz – Jewish World: ''All Jews of England are arrested in a 'coin-clipping' scandal'', retrieved on November 17, 2013.</ref>

==== Levant ====
* January &ndash; Charles I is crowned [[King of Jerusalem]], and is recognized by the kingdom's barons at [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. He surrenders the vicariate of [[Tuscany]] to Nicholas III. His ''bailiff'', [[Roger of San Severino]], appoints various Frenchmen from Charles' court as his chief officers. [[Bohemond VII of Antioch|Bohemond VII]], count of [[County of Tripoli|Tripoli]] (and nominal [[Prince of Antioch]]), acknowledges Roger as lawful ''bailiff''.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 288. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[May 8]] &ndash; The 7-year-old Emperor [[Emperor Duanzong]] (or Zhao Shi) dies of illness. He is succeeded by his brother [[Zhao Bing]] who becomes the last ruler of the [[Song dynasty]]. Meanwhile, Mongol forces under the control of Mongol leader [[Kublai Khan]] ("Great Khan") draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court.
* [[November 8]] &ndash; [[Trần Thánh Tông]], second emperor of Vietnam's [[Trần dynasty]], takes up the post of Retired Emperor, but continues for 11 years to co-rule with his son [[Trần Khâm]].

=== By topic ===

==== Art and Culture ====
* The earliest known written copy of the ''[[Avesta]]'', a collection of ancient sacred [[Iran|Persian]] [[Zoroastrian]] texts previously passed down orally, is produced.

==== Markets ====
* [[Giles of Lessines]] writes his ''De usuris''. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in [[Catholic Church in Europe|Roman Catholic Europe]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506–562}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[September 8]] &ndash; [[Pere d'Urtx]], Catalan bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell|Urgell]], becomes the first Episcopal [[Co-Princes of Andorra|Co-Prince]] of [[Andorra]], when he signs the [[Paréage of Andorra (1278)|paréage]], establishing joint-sovereignty over the territory with [[Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix|Roger-Bernard III]], count of [[County of Foix|Foix]].</onlyinclude>