Editing 1284 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[Aragonese Crusade]]: The first French armies under King [[Philip III of France|Philip III]] ('''the Bold''') and his 14-year-old son [[Charles, Count of Valois|Charles of Valois]] enter [[Roussillon]]. They include 16,000 cavalry, 17,000 crossbowmen, and 100,000 infantry, along with 100 ships in south French ports. Though they have the support of [[James II of Majorca|James II]], ruler of [[Kingdom of Majorca|Majorca]], the local populace rises against them. [[Elne]] is valiantly defended by Aragonese troops, but the French occupy the city, and burn the cathedral, while the population is massacred. 
* [[April 4]] &ndash; King [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] ('''the Wise''') falls ill and dies after a 32-year reign at [[Seville]]. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son [[Sancho IV of Castile|Sancho IV]] ('''the Brave''') who becomes ruler of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]]. Meanwhile, his nephew, [[Alfonso de la Cerda]], challenges his right to the Castilian throne. Pope [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]] excommunicates Sancho, he placed an interdict on his kingdom and refuses to acknowledge the marriage to his cousin, Queen [[María de Molina]].<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 88. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Battle of the Gulf of Naples]]: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 30 galleys) led by Admiral [[Roger of Lauria]] surrounds and defeats the Neapolitan ships in the [[Gulf of Naples]]. King [[Charles II of Naples|Charles II]] ('''the Lame''') is captured during the battle, disorganized, the remnants of the Neapolitan fleet (between 15 and 18 galleys) flees back to [[Naples]]. 
* [[August 5]]&ndash;[[August 6|6]] &ndash; [[Battle of Meloria (1284)|Battle of Meloria]]: A Genoese fleet (some 90 galleys) led by Admiral [[Oberto Doria|Oberto D'Oria]] defeats the Pisan ships in the [[Ligurian Sea]]. This marks the decline of the maritime power of [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]].
* King [[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolf I]] imposes a [[trade embargo]] on [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]], due to the latter pillaging a German ship. The embargo cuts off vital supplies of grain, flour, vegetables and beer, causing a general [[famine]] in Norway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eh.net/Clio/Conferences/ASSA/Jan_92/Greif,%20Milgrom,%20Winegast%20Abstra |title=Lecture on Economics in 1284 |publisher=Stanford University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927040611/http://eh.net/Clio/Conferences/ASSA/Jan_92/Greif%2C%20Milgrom%2C%20Winegast%20Abstra |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The events giving rise to the story of the [[Pied Piper of Hamelin]] take place in [[Lower Saxony]].<ref>According to the earliest written record, of [[1384]], in the city records of [[Hamelin]]. {{cite book|first=Sheila|last=Harty|chapter=Pied Piper Revisited|editor1=Bridges, David|editor2=McLaughlin, Terence H.|title=Education And The Market Place|page=89|publisher=Routledge|year=1994|isbn=0-7507-0348-2}}</ref>

==== England ====
* [[March 3]] &ndash; [[Statute of Rhuddlan]]: King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] ('''Longshanks''') brings [[Wales]] under direct rule after the [[Conquest of Wales by Edward I|Welsh Wars]] (1277–1283). He appoints sheriffs and bailiffs for the northern territories while the southern areas are left under the control of the [[Marcher Lord]]s. English law is introduced in criminal cases, though the Welsh are allowed to maintain their customary laws in some cases of property disputes.<ref>Williams, Hywel (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 150. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref><ref>Carpenter, David (2004). ''The Struggle for Mastery: Britain, 1066–1284'', p. 511. London, UK: Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-140-14824-8}}.</ref><ref>Davies, R. R. (2000). ''The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063–1415'', p. 368. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-820878-2}}.</ref> 
* Edward I ('''Longshanks''') arranges a [[Round Table (tournament)|Round Table]] event and tournament at [[Nefyn]] in Wales. He promises the Welsh that he will provide them with a [[Prince of Wales]].

==== Africa ====
* Hafsid forces under [[Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya|Abu Hafs Umar I]] (half-brother of [[Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I]]) reconquer [[Tunis]] and reinstall the [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid Dynasty]] as the dominating power in [[Ifriqiya]]. This ends the [[Bedouin]] rebellion (see [[1283]]) started last year.<ref>Meynier, Gilbert (2010). ''L'Álgérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La Découverte. pp. 161-63. {{ISBN|978-2-7071-5231-2}}.</ref>
* King [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter III]] ('''the Great''') takes advantage of the weakness of the Hafsid Dynasty and raids the island of [[Djerba]]. Aragonese forces massacre the population and occupy the island.

=== By topic ===

==== Art and Culture ====
* Construction of [[Beauvais Cathedral]] is interrupted by a partial collapse of the [[Choir (architecture)|choir]]; the event unnerves French masons working in the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style.
* [[Jean de Meun]], French poet and writer, translates [[Vegetius]]' [[4th century]] military treatise ''[[De Re Militari]]'' from Latin into French.

==== Cities and Towns ====
* [[May 18]] &ndash; [[Jönköping]] in [[Sweden]] is granted [[town privileges]] by King [[Magnus III of Sweden|Magnus III]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maltell.se/historia/artal.htm|title=Årtal och händelser i Jönköping|publisher=Jönköpings historia|language=sv|access-date=12 February 2011}}</ref>

==== Education ====
* [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]], oldest [[Colleges of the University of Cambridge|collegiate foundation of the University of Cambridge]] in England, is established by Bishop [[Hugh de Balsham]].

==== Health ====
* The Al-Mansuri ''[[bimaristan]]'' (hospital) is completed in [[Cairo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts _ Hospitals|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_12.html|access-date=8 November 2011}}</ref>

==== Markets ====
* The [[Republic of Venice]] begins coining the [[ducat]], a gold coin that is to become the standard of European coinage, for the following 600 years.
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