Editing 1298 (section)

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Rintfleisch massacres|Rindfleisch massacres]]: The Jews of [[Röttingen]] are [[Burned at the stake|burned]] en masse. The [[Colmar]] Dominican Rudolph (refers to him in Latin as a ''carnifex'', i.e. butcher or executioner) goes from town to town and kills all the Jews that fall under his control. He destroys the Jewish communities at [[Rothenburg ob der Tauber]], [[Würzburg]], [[Bamberg]], [[Dinkelsbühl]], [[Nördlingen]] and [[Forchheim]]. In the [[Free Imperial City of Nuremberg]], the Jews thought to seek refuge in the [[Nuremberg Castle]], which are assisted by Christian citizens. But Rindfleisch overcomes the defenders and massacres the Jews, on [[August 1]]. Spreading from [[Franconia]] to Bavaria and [[Austria]], Rindfleisch and his persecutors destroy 146 communities, and some 20,000 - 100,000 Jews are killed.<ref>Haim Beinart (1981). ''Carta's Atlas of the Jewish people in the Middle Ages''. Carta Jerusalem. {{ISBN|965-220-035-2}}.</ref>
* [[June 1]] &ndash; [[Battle of Turaida]]: Forces of the [[Livonian Order]] are decisively defeated near [[Turaida Castle]] by the residents of [[Riga]], allied with the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] under [[Vytenis]]. After their defeat, the Livonians receive reinforcements from the [[Teutonic Order]] and defeat the residents of Riga and Lithuanians near [[Ādaži|Neuermühlen]], on [[June 28]]. The knights proceed with their campaign, and besiege and capture Riga. In response, King [[Eric VI of Denmark]] ("Menved") threatens to invade [[Livonia]], but a truce is reached and the conflict is mediated by [[Pope Boniface VIII]].<ref>Wyatt, Walter James (1876). ''The history of Prussia: from the earliest times to the present day'', pp. 327–329. Vol 1. London: Longmans, Green and co. {{OCLC|1599888}}.</ref>
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Battle of Göllheim]]: German forces of Duke [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]] defeat King [[Adolf, King of the Romans|Adolf of Nassau]] at [[Göllheim]] over the prince electors' decision, without electoral act – to dethrone Adolf and proclaim Albert the new ruler of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] at [[Frankfurt]], on [[July 27]]. During the battle, Adolf is killed and his army is destroyed with the loss of 3,000 horses.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology no page">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will|url-access=registration|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|location=London}}</ref>
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Battle of Curzola]]: The Genoese fleet (some 80 galleys) led by Admiral [[Lamba Doria]] defeats the Venetian fleet at [[Korčula|Curzola]]. The disaster is almost complete for [[Republic of Venice|Venice]]: 83 of the 95 galleys are destroyed and some 7,000 men are killed. During the battle, [[Marco Polo]], commanding one of the Venetian ships, is captured.<ref>Nicol, Donald M. (1988). ''Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-34157-4}}.</ref>
* After a year's siege, the revolting Italian commune of [[Palestrina]] near [[Rome]] surrenders to the Papal forces, razed to the ground and [[Salting the earth|salted]] by order of Boniface VIII, in an act of ''[[debellatio]]''.<ref>Chamberlin E. R. (1969). ''[[The Bad Popes]]'', pp. 102–104. Chapter III: "The Lord of Europe". {{ISBN|0-88029-116-8}}.</ref>

==== British Isles ====
* Summer &ndash; King [[Edward I of England]] ("Longshanks") marches from [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] with his household to [[Alnwick]] and then by way of [[Chillingham, Northumberland|Chillingham]] to [[Roxburgh]] in Scotland, where he joins the army in July. He proceeds to Lauderdale and encamps at [[Kirkliston]], to the west of [[Edinburgh]], where he remains from [[July 15]] to [[July 20]]. The army is accompanied by a long train of supply wagons. Meanwhile, English supply ships, delayed by bad weather, bring food to [[Leith]].<ref>Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: ''Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98'', pp. 62–63. {{ISBN|1-84176-510-4}}.</ref> 
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Battle of Falkirk]]: English forces (some 15,000 men) led by Edward I defeat a Scottish army led by [[William Wallace]] at [[Falkirk]]. During the battle, the English knights drive off the Scottish horse and archers, but cannot break the pikemen in the center. The Scottish pikemen are formed in four great "hedgehogs" (known as [[schiltron]]) but are destroyed by English [[longbow]] archers.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology no page" />

==== Asia ====
* [[Mongol invasion of India (1297–1298)|Mongol invasion of India]]: Mongol forces led by [[Qutlugh Khwaja]] invade the [[Sindh]] region of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and occupy the castle of [[Sehwan|Sivistan]] (modern [[Pakistan]]). Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] sends an army under [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]], who defeats the Mongols, on [[February 6]]. Some 20,000 Mongols are killed in the ensuing battle. The survivors are put into chains and brought to [[Delhi]], where they are [[Execution by elephant|trampled to death]] by elephants.<ref>Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1992). "The Khalijs: Alauddin Khalij", p. 332. In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). ''A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526''). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress/People's Publishing House. {{OCLC|31870180}}.</ref>
* [[August 30]] &ndash; [[Emperor Fushimi]] abdicates the throne after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old son [[Emperor Go-Fushimi|Go-Fushimi]] as the 93rd [[emperor of Japan]] (until [[1301]]).

=== By topic ===

==== Cities and towns ====
* [[August 1]] &ndash; The "ideal city" of [[Marciac]] in southern [[France]] is founded by King [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] ("the Fair") and his Seneschal Guichard de Marzé (or Marciac).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bastides.library.cornell.edu/marciac|title=Marciac – John Reps Bastides Collection|website=bastides.library.cornell.edu|access-date=2016-04-28}}</ref>

==== Markets ====
* The foreign creditors of the Sienese [[Gran Tavola]] Bank start demanding their deposits back, thus accelerating the liquidity crisis faced by the firm.<ref name=biografico>{{cite web|last=Catoni|first=Giuliano|title=BONSIGNORI|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|work=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani|access-date=December 20, 2011}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[Ambrose]], [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], [[Jerome]] and [[Pope Gregory I]] are named the first [[Doctor of the Church|Doctors of the Church]]. They are known collectively as the Great Doctors of the Western Church.

==== Technology ====
* [[Wang Zhen (inventor)|Wang Zhen]], Chinese inventor and politician, invents a wooden [[movable type]] [[printing]] ([[Bi Sheng]] invented ceramic movable type in the 11th century).</onlyinclude>