Editing 1302 (section)

== Events ==

===January&ndash;March===
* [[January 2]] &ndash; In Germany, [[Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg|Henry II]] becomes the ruler of the independent nation of [[Mecklenburg]] (encompassing the modern-day northeastern German state of [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]) upon the death of his father, [[Henry I, Lord of Mecklenburg|Henry the Pilgrim]]. Henry II had served as regent from 1290 to 1298 during Henry the Pilgrim's pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and had continued most of the administration of Mecklenburg after the return of his 68-year-old father.
* [[January 20]] &ndash; In Egypt, [[Al-Mustakfi I (Cairo)|Al-Mustakfi I]] becomes the new Muslim [[List of caliphs#Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)|Abbasid Caliph of Cairo]], leader of [[Islam]] within the [[Mamluk Sultanate]], upon the death of his father, the Caliph [[Al-Hakim I]].
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand IV of Castile|King Ferdinand IV]] of the Spanish [[Kingdom of Castile]], having recently reached the age of majority at age 16, marries 12-year-old [[Constance of Portugal|Princess Constance]], the only daughter of [[Denis of Portugal|King Dinis]] of [[Portugal]], in a ceremony at [[Valladolid]].
* [[January 26]] &ndash; At the suggestion of France, and pursuant to the treaty signed between England and France at Asnières, King [[Edward I of England]] ("Edward Longshanks") and the Scottish nobles led by [[Robert the Bruce]] agree to a nine-month peace treaty at [[Linlithgow]], to last until St. Andrew's Day, November 30, 1302.<ref>John Mackintosh, ''The History of Civilisation in Scotland'' (Alexander Gardner, 1892) p. 274</ref> 
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty)|Yesün Temür]] becomes the [[Jinong]] (crown prince) of the Mongol Empire upon the death of his father Gammala, with authority over the Mongolian steppe north of the Gobi Desert. Yesün Temür will become the Emperor of China's [[Yuan dynasty]] in 1323 and reign for almost five years.
* [[February 10]] &ndash; The [[papal bull]] ''Ausculta Fili'' is delivered to [[Philip IV of France|Philip the Fair]], King of France, but [[Robert II, Count of Artois]], snatches the document from Jacques de Normans, the emissary of [[Pope Boniface VIII]] and burns the paper in a fire.<ref>"Boniface VIII", by Thomas Oestreich, in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', ed. by Charles G. Herbermann (The Encyclopedia Press, 1907) p.666</ref>
* [[February 19]] &ndash; The Italian artist [[Cimabue]] completes construction of the image of [[John the Evangelist]], a major portion of the [[mosaic]] ''[[Christ enthroned with the Virgin and St John|Christ Enthroned]]'', in the [[Pisa Cathedral]], after 94 days. Cimabue dies shortly afterward, and the full mosaic will not be completed until [[1320]].
* [[March 3]] &ndash; Upon the death of [[Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix]], who had founded the [[Andorra|Co-principality of Andorra]] in [[1278]], Roger's son [[Gaston I, Count of Foix|Count Gaston]] continues as the new French administrator on behalf of King Philip of France. The holder of the title [[Count of Foix]] will continue to be the French representative in Andorra, with almost 200 years of unbroken rule, until the death of [[Gaston IV, Count of Foix|Gaston IV]] in [[1472]].  
* [[March 4]] &ndash; After learning of the rejection of the papal bull by King Philip of France, Pope Boniface VIII sends Cardinal [[Jean Lemoine]] to inform King Philip of the Pope's plans for an ecclesiastical council to control the appointment of French clergy.  
* [[March]] &ndash; Robert the Bruce, the future King of Scotland marries as his second wife the 13-year-old [[Elizabeth de Burgh]] at [[Writtle]] in [[Essex]]. She is the daughter of [[Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster|Richard Óg de Burgh]] ("the Red Earl"), a powerful Irish nobleman and close friend of King Edward I of England.

===April&ndash;June===
* [[April 8]] (8 Shaban 701 AH) &ndash; Sultan [[Muhammad II of Granada|Muhammad II]] dies after a 29-year reign and is succeeded by his son [[Muhammad III of Granada|Muhammad III]] as ruler of [[Emirate of Granada|Granada]]. Within two weeks of his accession, he sends a Nasrid army under [[Hammu ibn Abd al-Haqq]] to seize [[Bedmar y Garcíez|Bedmar]] and other neighboring strongholds from [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]]. Nasrid forces also attack [[Jódar]], northeast of Bedmar, and recapture [[Quesada, Spain|Quesada]]. Meanwhile, Muhammad contains friendly relations with King [[James II of Aragon|James II]] ("James the Just").<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 118. University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[April 10]] &ndash; The first meeting of the [[Estates General (France)|Estates General]] in [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] is convened King [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] ("Philip the Fair") at the [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]] in [[Paris]]. During the assembly, all three classes – the French nobles, clergy, and commons – discuss the conflict between Philip and [[Pope Boniface VIII]] over the papal legate, [[Bernard Saisset]] – who is accused to raise a rebellion of Occitan independence, associated with [[Navarre]], under the banner of the [[County of Foix]].<ref>Andrew Latham (2019). "Medieval Geopolitics: The Conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France". ''Medievalists.net''.</ref>
*[[April 12]] &ndash; [[Ghazan]] of the Mongol Empire's [[Ilkhanate]] division sends a letter to Pope Boniface and announces preparations for a new campaign against the Mamluk Sultanate.<ref>"Why Did the West Fail to Recover the Holy Land Between 1291 and 1320?", by Malcolm Barber, in ''Crusading and Warfare in the Middle Ages'', ed. by Simon John and Nicholas Morton (Taylor & Francis, 2016)</ref> 
*[[April 22]] &ndash; In modern-day [[Turkey]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Emperor [[Michael IX Palaiologos]] launches a military campaign against Turkish forces who have been conducting raids, and marches from [[Constantinople]].<ref>Savvas Kyriakidis, ''Warfare in Late Byzantium, 1204-1453'' (Brill, 2011)</ref> His army travels southward as far as [[Magnesia on the Maeander|Magnesia ad Maeander]] (the ruins of which are now near the town of [[Ortaklar]] in what is now Turkey's [[Aydin Province]]). Palaiologos seeks to directly confront the Turkish forces, but is dissuaded by his generals. In the meantime, the Turks resume their raids, isolating Michael at Magnesia. His army is dissolved without a battle, as the local forces are left behind to defend their homes. The Alans (Byzantine mercenaries) too leave, to rejoin their families in [[Thrace]]. Michael is forced to withdraw by the sea, followed by another wave of refugees.<ref>Nicol, Donald M. (1993). ''The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453'', pp. 125–126. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-43991-6}}.</ref> 
*[[May 17]] &ndash; At the age of 12, [[Eleanor of Anjou]], daughter of King [[Charles II of Naples]], marries King [[Frederick III of Sicily]]. 
*[[May 18]] &ndash; Flemish militia kill 2,000 French soldiers in the course of the [[Matins of Bruges]], after [[Pieter de Coninck]] and [[Jan Breydel]] call on soldiers to kill all of the French occupiers of the city in Flanders. The French Governor of Flanders, [[Jacques de Châtillon]], escapes with a handful of soldiers while disguised as a priest. He arrives in [[Paris]] to bring the news of the massacre to King Philip the Fair, who sends an army to capture the city.<ref>Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). ''A Global Chronology of Conflict'', p. 294. Vol. 1. {{ISBN|978-1-85-109667-1}}.</ref>
*[[June 12]] &ndash; The Baltic Sea town of [[Rakvere|Wesenberg]] in [[Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)|Danish Estonia]] (modern-day Rakvere) receives municipal self-government under the Hanseatic League doctrine of [[Lübeck law]].
*[[June 14]] &ndash; [[Matteo I Visconti]], [[List of rulers of Milan|Lord of Milan]] (''Signore di Milano''), the semi-independent Italian region within the [[Holy Roman Empire]], is deposed by [[Guido della Torre]], but will return in 1311.

===July&ndash;September===
* [[July 11]] &ndash; The [[Battle of the Golden Spurs]] takes place as France retaliates against Flanders for the May 18 [[Matins of Bruges]] massacre. Flemish forces led by [[William of Jülich]] ("William the Younger") and Pieter de Coninck defeat the French army (some 9,000 men) at [[Kortrijk]] in Flanders. The cavalry charges of the French prove unable to defeat the untrained Flemish infantry militia, consisting mainly of members of the craft guilds. Many French nobles (some 500 knights) are killed, like the commander [[Robert II, Count of Artois|Robert II of Artois]], and forced to retreat.<ref>Verbruggen, J. F. (2002). ''The Battle of the Golden Spurs: Courtrai, 11 July 1302'', p. 192. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. {{ISBN|978-0-85115-888-4}}.</ref>
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Battle of Bapheus]]: To counter the Turkish threat at [[Nicomedia]], Emperor [[Andronikos II Palaiologos]] sends a Byzantine force (some 2,000 men) to cross over the [[Bosporus]] to relieve the city. On the plain, Turkish forces (some 5,000 light cavalry) led by Sultan [[Osman I]]  defeat the Byzantines, who are forced to withdraw to Nicomedia. After the battle, Andronikos loses control of the countryside of [[Bithynia]], withdrawing to the forts. Meanwhile, Turkish forces capture Byzantine settlements, such as the coastal city of [[Gemlik]].<ref>Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). ''The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453'', pp. 76–77. University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-1620-2}}.</ref><ref>[[Angeliki Laiou|Laiou, Angeliki E.]] (1972). ''Constantinople and the Latins: Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328'', pp. 90–91. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-16535-9}}.</ref>
* [[August 5]] &ndash; [[John Segrave, 2nd Baron Segrave|John Segrave]] is appointed to the custody of [[Berwick Castle]], leaving him in charge with an English force of some 20,000 men. Robert, along with other nobles, gives his allegiance to Edward.<ref>Lee, Sidney (1897). "Segrave, John de". ''Dictionary of National Biography''. Vol 51. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</ref>
* [[August 31]] &ndash; The [[Peace of Caltabellotta]] is signed between King [[Charles II of Naples|Charles the Lame, King of Naples]] and [[Frederick III of Sicily|King Frederick III of Sicily]], ending the [[War of the Sicilian Vespers]]. The [[Kingdom of Sicily]] will pass to Angevin rule on Frederick's death, in return Charles pays a tribute of some 100,000 ounces of gold. Frederick hands over all his possessions in [[Calabria]] and releases Charles' son [[Philip I, Prince of Taranto|Philip I]], prince of [[Principality of Taranto|Taranto]], from his prison in [[Cefalù]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Lock | first = Peter | title = The Routledge Companion to the Crusades | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781135131371 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC | page = 123}}</ref>
* [[September 3]] (1 Muharram 702 AH) &ndash; At the start of the new Muslim year 702 AH, Mamluk Sultan [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] sends a fleet of 20 galleys) to [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli of Lebanon]], where Mamluk forces led by Kahardash al-Zarraq al-Mansuri, begin a blockade and siege.<ref>Amir Mazor, ''The Rise and Fall of a Muslim Regiment: The Manṣūriyya in the First Mamluk Sultanate, 678/1279 –741/1341'' (V&R Unipress, 2015) p.131</ref>
* [[September 26]] (28 Muharram 702 AH) &ndash; [[Fall of Ruad]]: The [[Knights Templar]], European Crusaders to the Holy Land, surrender their control of the island of [[Arwad Island|Ruad]] (modern-day Arwad, off of the coast of Syria) to the Mamluk Sultanate.<ref>Malcolm Barber, ''The Trial of the Templars'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p.22 {{ISBN|0-521-85639-6}}</ref> Hugh Dampierre negotiates a promise that the Europeans will be allowed safe conduct to a Christian-ruled land of their choice, but Knights are attacked as soon as they emerge from the garrison. Templar Grand Master [[Barthélemy de Quincy]] is killed in battle, all of the Syrian Christian bowmen and footsoldiers are executed, and the surviving Knights Templar are taken as prisoners of war and incarcerated in Cairo. 
* [[September]] &ndash; [[Roger de Flor]], Italian  military adventurer and knight (''[[condottiere]]''), founds the [[Catalan Company]] group of mercenaries, with soldiers ([[Almogavars]]) jobless after the Treaty of Caltabellotta.

===October&ndash;December===
* [[October 4]] &ndash; Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor, signs a peace treaty with the [[Republic of Venice]], ending the [[Byzantine–Venetian War (1296–1302)]]. The Venetians return most of their conquests – but keep the islands of [[Kea (island)|Kea]], [[Santorini]], [[Serifos]] and [[Amorgos]] – which are retained by the [[privateer]]s who have captured them. Andronikos agrees to repay the Venetians for their losses sustained during the massacre of Venetian residents (see [[1296]]).<ref>Nicol, Donald M. (1988). ''Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations'', pp. 217–221. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-34157-4}}.</ref>
* [[November 18]] &ndash; Boniface VIII issues the papal bull ''[[Unam sanctam]]'', which asserts the superiority of the papacy's spiritual power over secular rulers.<ref>Williams, Hywel (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 153. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* [[December 2]] &ndash; The coronation of [[Martha of Denmark]], wife of Sweden's [[Birger, King of Sweden|King Birger]] since [[1298]], as [[List of Swedish royal consorts|Queen consort of Sweden]] takes place in a ceremony at [[Söderköping]].
* [[December 10]] &ndash; The Inuigin Era ([[Kengen]]) begins in Japan during the reign after the coronation of [[Emperor Go-Nijō|Emperor Gonijo]].
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine|Theobald II]] of the House of Metz becomes the new [[List of rulers of Lorraine|Duke of Lorraine]] within the [[Holy Roman Empire]] after the death of his father, [[Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine|Frederick III]].

=== Date unknown ===
*  The [[Beijing Temple of Confucius]] is erected during the reign of Emperor [[Temür Khan]] (or "Chengzong") of the Chinese [[Yuan dynasty]].