Editing 1439 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; A truce is signed at [[Breslau]] between [[Albert II of Germany|King Albert of Hungary]] and King [[Casimir IV of Poland]] to end the 8-month war between the two kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book |author = József Köblös |author2=Szilárd Süttő |author3=Katalin Szende |title = Magyar Békeszerződések 1000–1526 |trans-title=Hungarian peace treaties 1000–1526 |publisher = Jókai Mór Városi Könyvtár |location = [[Pápa]], Hungary |chapter = 1474. Lengyel-magyar békekötés (Ófalui béke) |trans-chapter=1474. Polish-Hungarian peace conclusion (peace of Ófalu) |pages = 198–206 |year = 2000 |language = hu |isbn = 963-00-3094-2}}</ref>
* [[January 9]] &ndash; A [[David's Rebellion|rebellion by peasants in Finland]] against the Swedish government, led by [[:fi:Anian Daavid|Anian Daavid]], is ended by the Swedish Army after intervention by the [[Archdiocese of Turku|Bishop of Turku]]. After confiscation of some untillable land to compensate other land owners for damages, the peasants are pardoned upon taking an oath to never rise up against the Swedish Crown again.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Davidin kapina |url=https://www.messon.fi/daavid.htm |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=www.messon.fi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=David - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=17292 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=sok.riksarkivet.se}}</ref>
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Pope Eugene IV]], who had convened the [[Council of Florence|Council of Ferrara]] a year earlier to fight the reforms of the [[Council of Basel]], orders the transfer of its participants from Ferrara to [[Florence]].<ref name=Stieber/>
* [[January 17]] &ndash; As part of [[Ming dynasty|Ming China]]'s [[Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns|campaign]] against the [[Möng Mao]] kingdom in south China, General Fang Zheng, commander of 295,000 troops, attacks the stockade of the Mao kingdom's General Si Renfa and forces the enemy to retreat southward., after which he continued in pursuit. However by this time his troops were exhausted and his supply lines were cut off. He requested reinforcements, but Mu Sheng only sent a small number as he was angry that Fang Zheng had disobeyed orders. Fang Zheng was then defeated at Kongni where he had pursued Si Renfa, and "fell into an ambush of the elephant phalanx of his enemy", at which point he ordered his son to escape, and died with his troops<ref>.{{Cite journal |first=Foon Ming|last=Liew |title=The Luchuan-Pingmian Campaigns (1436–1449) in the Light of Official Chinese Historiography|year=1996 |journal=Oriens Extremus |volume= 39 |issue= 2 |page=173 |jstor=24047471 }}</ref>
* [[January 20]] &ndash; In England, [[John Juyn]] becomes the new [[Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales|Chief Justice of the King's Bench]].<ref>[[John Campbell, 1st Baron Campbell|Campbell, John]], ''Lives of the Chief Justices of England'', (3rd ed.)(London: John Murray 1874)</ref>
* [[January]] - In Vietnam, a rebellion of the barbarians in Phục Lễ province, supported by the Laotian army, against King [[Lê Thái Tông]] under the [[Lê dynasty]], was defeated.<ref>[[Ngô Sĩ Liên]] (1993), [[Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư]], page 402, Volume XI, "Thái Tông hoàng đế"</ref>
* [[February 17]] &ndash; In the [[Duchy of Cieszyn]] in Poland, the Duke, [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Cieszyn|Wenceslaus I]] marries [[Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brzeg-Legnica and Cieszyn|Elisabeth of Hohenzollern]], the daughter of the [[Elector of Brandenburg]], [[Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg|Friedrich]].<ref>Kazimierz Jasiński, ''Rodowód Piastów śląskich'' (Lineage of the Piast Dyansty of Silesia) (Ossoliński National Institute. 1977), pp. 166-167.</ref>
* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[Aedh mac Tairdelbach Óg Ó Conchobair|Aedh mac Tairdelbach]] becomes the new [[List of kings of Connacht|King of Connacht]] in what is now [[County Roscommon]] of Ireland upon the death of his nephew, [[Cathal mac Ruaidri Ó Conchobair]], who had been King of Connacht since 1426.<ref>Byrne, Francis John (2001), ''Irish Kings and High-Kings'', Dublin: Four Courts Press, {{ISBN|978-1-85182-196-9}}</ref>
* [[March 26]] &ndash; Meeting in Germany, the Diet of Mainz, summoned by the new Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick III, to consider the case of Pope Eugene IV, votes to deprive Eugene IV of his authority within the Empire and to elect a new Diet to meet in Frankfurt in 1440.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 12]] &ndash; In a battle on [[Lake Garda]] in [[Italy]], a passage to the [[Adriatic Sea]], ships from the [[Duchy of Milan]] defeat ships from the [[Republic of Venice]] in battle and take control of the lake.<ref>{{cite book|first=Paolo Domenico |last=Malvinni |title=Galee tra le montagne|publisher=Poster trentino |year=2008 |page=39}}</ref>
* [[May 6]] &ndash; [[Battle of Grotnik]]: [[Władysław III of Poland|Wladyslaw III]]'s royal army, commanded by defeats the [[Hussite]] rebels, led by [[Spytko III of Melsztyn]], ending the non-Catholic movement in [[Poland]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Mała Encyklopedia Wojskowa (Small Military Encyclopedia)| publisher = Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej (Ministry of National Defense Publishing House)|location = Warsaw |date=1967}}</ref>
* [[May 16]] &ndash; Pope Eugene, already found to be in contempt of the [[Council of Basel]], is declared by the Council to be a [[heresy|heretic]].<ref name=Stieber/>
* [[June 10]] &ndash; [[Joseph II of Constantinople|Joseph II]], the leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church as the 155th [[List of ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]], dies after a reign of 23 years, leaving a vacancy that is seen by the Roman Catholic Pope Eugene IV to declare a unification of the two churches to end the [[East–West Schism]] of 1054.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magoulias |first=Harry J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPkcAAAAYAAJ |title=Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, by Doukas - An Annotated Translation of Historia Turco-Byzantina |date=1975 |publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8143-1540-8 |page=299 }}</ref>
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Sigismund, Archduke of Austria|Sigismund of Habsburg]] becomes the new [[List of rulers of Austria|Duke of Austria]] upon the death of his father, [[Frederick IV, Duke of Austria|Frederick IV]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700 |first1=Jean |last1=Berenger |translator-first=C.A. |translator-last=Simpson |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |page=62 }}</ref>
* [[June 25]] &ndash; The [[Council of Basel]] formally declares that Pope Eugene IV is deposed.<ref name=Stieber>Joachim W. Stieber,  (1978) [https://books.google.com/books?id=5R%202clxgcr4C ''Pope Eugene IV, the Council of Basel, and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire: The conflict over supreme authority and power in the Church.''] (Leiden: Brill, 1978) pp. 49–58</ref>
* [[June]] &ndash; The "[[Miracle of the Moose]]" takes place, according to [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian]] hagiographers.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 6]] &ndash; [[Pope Eugene IV]] issues the ''[[Bull of Union with the Greeks]]'' (''Laetentur Caeli''), signed by the Byzantine Emperor [[John VIII Palaiologos]],  proclaiming the end of the [[East–West Schism]] between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy and the union of the two divisions of the [[Christianity|Christian faith]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Casiday |first1=Augustine |title=The Orthodox Christian World |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-45516-9 |pages=18–19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZITAQ4XbgC |language=en}}</ref> The bull is repudiated by most Eastern bishops shortly thereafter.
* [[July 9]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Craignaught Hill]] takes place in [[Scotland]] between [[Clan Boyd]] and [[Clan Stewart]] as the Stewarts of Darnley carry out revenge against Sir Thomas Boyd for his murder of Alan Stewart.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boyd |first=William P. |year=1912 |title=History of the Boyd Family and Descendants |location=[[Conesus, New York]] |publisher=Boyd's Job Printing Establishment |pages=48–49 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofboydfam1912boyd/page/47/mode}}</ref> 
* [[July 13]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Moscow (1439)|siege of Moscow]] by [[Ulugh Muhammad]], the monarch of the [[Kazan Khanate]], fails after 10 days following the defense of the Muscovite capital by [[:ru:Юрий Патрикеевич|Yuri Patrikeevich]].<ref>N. S. Borisov, ''Ivan III: Father of Russian Autocracy'' (Аkademyeskii Proyekt, 2017) pp. 60-61</ref>
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Smederevo Fortress]], the seat of government of the [[Despotate of Serbia]], surrenders to the [[Ottoman Empire]] after a siege of three months under the command of the Sultan [[Murad II]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fine |first=John V. A. |authorlink1=John V. A. Fine |title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA531 |year=1994 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-08260-4 |page=531}}</ref> The siege had started after the Despot, [[Đurađ Branković|Durad Branković]], had departed to the [[Republic of Venice]], leaving the nation under the control of his son, [[Grgur Branković]]. Grgur is appointed as the Ottoman Governor of the Serbian province.
* [[August 28]] &ndash; Pope Eugene IV sends a message of unity to the Emperor of Ethiopia, [[Zara Yaqob|Qostantinos I]], but the proposal for a union with the Ethiopian Orthodox Christian Church is not acknowledged.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=ZkzyEAAAQBAJ&pli=1 |title =Laetentur Caeli: Bulls of Union with the Greeks, Armenians, Coptic, and Ethiopian Churches |isbn = 9798869171504 |last1 = Curtin |first1 = D. P. |date = January 2007}}</ref> 
* [[September 8]] &ndash; Cardinal [[Giovanni Vitelleschi]] captures [[Foligno]], ending Trinci's [[signoria]].
* [[September 20]] &ndash; At what is now the Indian stte of [[Rajasthan]], Raja Udharan becomes the new [[Kingdom of Amber|King of Amber]] upon the death of the Raja Banbir.<ref>{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Rajiva Nain |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35121 |title=Raja Man Singh of Amber |year=1966 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35121/page/n17 1–3]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA23 |access-date=24 September 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412111151/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA23 |url-status=live}}</ref> 
* [[September 24]] [[Eric of Pomerania|King Erik XIII of Sweden]], is declared deposed in Sweden while [[Charles VIII of Sweden|Karl Knutsson Bonde]] continues to serve as Regent of Sweden. Erik remains [[List of Norwegian monarchs|King of Norway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruegenwalde.com/greifen/bog-9/bog-9.htm|title=Bogislaw IX|publisher=ruegenwalde.com|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref>
* [[September 25]] &ndash; King [[Henry VI of England]] summons the English Parliament, directing all members to assemble at [[Westminster]] on November 12.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 30]] &ndash; The [[Council of Basel]] begins a conclave to elect its own successor to Pope Eugene IV, whom it had deposed on June 25.<ref name=Stieber/>
* [[November 5]] &ndash; The Council of Basel elects its own pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church, and selects [[Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy]] (considered an [[antipope]]), who takes the regnal name [[Felix V]].<ref>Hugo Manger, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DfTpe0nRz1oC&pg=PA5 ''Die Wahl Amadeo's von Savoyen zum Papste durch das Basler Konzil (1439)''], {{in lang|de}}, (Marburg: R. Friedrich, 1901).</ref>
* [[November 12]] &ndash; 
**The English Parliament is opened and the House of Commons elects [[William Tresham]] as its speaker.
**In [[England]], [[Plymouth]] becomes the first town incorporated by the [[List of Parliaments of England|English Parliament]].
* [[November 22]] &ndash; Following up on the declaration of union of the Roman Catholic Church with the Greek Orthodox Church, Pope Eugene IV signs an agreement of union with the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=ZkzyEAAAQBAJ&pli=1 |title =Laetentur Caeli: Bulls of Union with the Greeks, Armenians, Coptic, and Ethiopian Churches |isbn = 9798869171504 |last1 = Curtin|first1 = D. P.|date = January 2007|publisher =Dalcassian Press }}</ref>
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Pope Eugene IV]] designates nine archbishops and six bishops and to join the [[College of Cardinals]] and one cardinal and one priest, for 17 appointments in all.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=Salvador Miranda (historian) |last=Miranda |first=Salvador |title=Consistories for the creation of Cardinals 12th Century (1099-1198): Eugenius IV (1431-1447) |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xv.htm#EugeniusIV|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |accessdate=|publisher=[[Florida International University]]|oclc=53276621}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Johannes Gutenberg]] develops [[History of printing|printing]] with [[movable type]] at [[Mainz]] at about this date.
* The [[Great Ordinance]] is adopted by the French Estates-General. This measure grants the king the exclusive right to raise troops, and establishes the taxation measure known as the ''[[taille]]'', in support of a standing army.
* The [[Council of Florence]] is moved to [[Florence]].
* At the [[Portuguese Cortes]], [[Infante Peter, Duke of Coimbra|Peter, Duke of Coimbra]] is appointed Regent of the Kingdom.
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