Editing 1441 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January–March ===
* [[January 20]] – The [[siege of Tartas]] in France is temporarily halted when [[Charles II of Albret]], against whom residents of [[Gascony]] are campaigning, and the commander of the English forces, Sir [[Thomas Rempston (died 1458)|Thomas Rempston]], agree to a three-month truce.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Piraud |date=2010 |first=Claude-Henri |title=Les armistices de 1441 en Guyenne |journal=Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique du Périgord |language=fr |volume=137 |pages=34|issn=1141-135X |url=https://www.academia.edu/13216649 }}Piraud 2010, p. 34.</ref>
* [[February 7]] – [[Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns]]: In Ming dynasty China, the Vice Minister of Justice, He Wenyuan, petitions the Imperial Court not to make a second punitive campaign against the kingdom of [[Möng Mao]] and its ruler, Si Renfa, arguing that the nation's resources should not be wasted on worthless land. The Minister of War, Wang Ji, joins with General Mu Ang in arguing that Si Renfa should be stopped before he conquers more territory. The Emperor authorizes the second campaign.<ref name=Liew>{{Cite journal |first=Foon Ming|last=Liew |title=The Luchuan-Pingmian Campaigns (1436–1449) in the Light of Official Chinese Historiography|year=1996 |journal=Oriens Extremus |volume= 39 |issue= 2 |pages=176 |jstor=24047471 }}</ref> 
* [[February 12]] – [[King's College, Cambridge]], is founded by King [[Henry VI of England]].<ref>'The colleges and halls: King's', in A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3, the City and University of Cambridge, ed.  J P C Roach (London, 1959), pp. 376-408. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol3/pp376-408 [accessed 5 February 2021]</ref>
* [[February 24]] – The [[Republic of Venice]] annexes the seigniory of [[Ravenna]], ending the [[Da Polenta family|da Polenta]] Dynasty.<ref> Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de Sismondi , ''Italian Republics, Or, the Origin, Progress and Fall of Itlian Freedom'' (A. and W. Galignani, 1841) p.227 ("Venice had acquired by treachery, on the 24th of February, 144, the principality of Ravenna, governed for 166 years by the house of Polenta.")</ref>
* [[February 25]] – [[ Elizabeth of Luxembourg ]], widow of the late [[Albert II of Germany|King Albert of Hungary]] presents the [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Crown of St. Stephen]] to [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick, King of Germany]] and invites him to take the throne, although Hungary's nobles had elected King [[Władysław III of Poland]] as King Laszlo of Hungary.
* [[February 27]] – [[Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns]]: The second campaign against the Mong Mao state is launched.<ref name=Liew/>
* [[March 1]] – [[Battle of Samobor]]: The army of [[Ulrich II, Count of Celje]], defeats the army of Stjepan Banić at [[Samobor]], [[Croatia in union with Hungary]].
* [[March 17]] – The Swiss canton of [[Canton of Bern]] intervenes to block an agreement between the [[Canton of Zürich]] that would have ceded the town of [[Grüningen]] to the [[Habsburg]] family of Germany.
* [[March 19]] – [[Isidore of Kiev]], the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] [[List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow|Metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia]], returns to his home in [[Moscow]] after having attended the [[Council of Florence]], where he agreed to unify the Russian Church with the Roman Catholic Church. When he arrives, he is arrested on the order of [[Vasily II of Moscow|Grand Prince Vasily II]] and imprisoned under minimum security.<ref name=Fennell>{{cite book |last1=Fennell |first1=John |authorlink1=John Lister Illingworth Fennell |title=A History of the Russian Church to 1488 |date=14 January 2014 |publisher=Routledge |pages=179–181 |isbn=978-1-317-89720-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBitAgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

=== April–June ===
* [[April 1]] – [[Charles, Prince of Viana|Prince Carlos of Viana]] legally becomes the [[King of Navarre]] in Spain upon the death of his mother, [[Blanche I of Navarre|Queen Blanca]], who had ruled since 1425.
* [[April 20]] — The [[Council of Florence]], led by Pope Eugene IV, declares that the members of the [[Council of Basel]] are heretics and votes to excommunicate them, as well as affirming the superiority of the Pope over the Councils in the bull ''Etsi non dubitemus''. In 1440, the Council of Basel had declared Eugene IV to be a heretic, deposed him as Pope, and excommunicated him.<ref>{{citation | title = Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 |isbn=978-0-19-280290-3 | chapter = Florence, Council of}}.</ref>
* [[April 26]] — [[Pope Eugene IV]] orders the transfer of the [[Council of Florence]] to [[Rome]]<ref>Mandell Creighton, ''A History of the Papacy During the Period of the Reformation'']. Volume 2. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, 1882) pp. 217–220</ref>
* [[May 3]] – In Denmark, a rebel army of 25,000 peasants led by [[Henrik Reventlow]] repels an attack by Swedish nobles, led by [[:da:Eske Jensen Brock|Eske Jensen Brock]]. The peasants prepare a trap near their camp at [[:da:Slaget ved Skt. Jørgensbjerg|St. Jørgensbjerg]] before the [[Christopher of Bavaria#Peasant rebellions|Battle of St. Jorgen's Hill]], placing trees and soil over a swamp, and Brock's army of knights becomes mired down, where almost all (including Brock) are slaughtered.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Landbrug,_skovbrug_og_gartneri/Godsejer/Henrik_Tagesen_Reventlow |title=Eske Brock, d. 1441 |date=18 July 2011 |publisher = Den Store Danske|access-date=June 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url =  https://runeberg.org/dbl/3/0090.html|title=  Brock, Eske Jensen |publisher = Den Store Danske|access-date=June 1, 2018}}</ref>   
* [[May 8]] – The [[Siege of Creil]] is Started on orders of King Charles VII of France against the English held town and council. [[William Peyto (died 1464)|William Peyto]] surrenders on May 25.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barker|first=Juliet R. V.|title=Conquest : the English kingdom of France in the Hundred Years War|publisher=Abacus|location=London|year=2010|page=287 |isbn=978-0-349-12202-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark}}</ref>
* [[June 6]] – The [[siege of Pontoise]] is started by with 5,000 troops led by King [[Charles VII of France]] and [[Arthur III, Duke of Brittany|Arthur de Richemont]], Duke of Brittany, to capture a 1,200 member English Army garrison located on the [[Île-de-France]] near [[Paris]].<ref name=Barker>{{Cite book |last=Barker |first=Juliet R. V. |title=Conquest: The English kingdom of France in the Hundred Years War |publisher=Abacus |location=London |year=2010 |pages=287–292 |isbn=978-0-349-12202-1 |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark}}</ref> The siege continues for three months until the garrison surrenders.
* [[June 7]] – The [[University of Bordeaux]] is established by [[Pope Eugene IV]] while [[Bordeaux]] is under the control of France.{{cite web |title=Ressources |url=https://www.u-bordeaux.fr/universite/espace-presse/Ressources-presse |website=Université de Bordeaux |date=27 February 2024 |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604024420/https://www.u-bordeaux.fr/universite/espace-presse/Ressources-presse |url-status=live}} Closed in 1793 during the [[French Revolution]], it will reopen in [[1896]] and continue to be in existence 280 years later.
* [[June 27]] – The [[Siege of Novo Brdo (1440–1441)|siege of Novo Brdo]] in [[Serbia]] ends after eight months as Ottoman Empire troops, led by the Sultan [[Murad II]] and General Hadım Şehabeddin guarantee the safe evacuation of the surviving Ragusan defenders, accept the Serbian  surrender.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Setton |first1=Kenneth M. |author-link1=Kenneth M. Setton |last2=Hazard |first2=Harry W. |last3=Zacour |first3=Norman P. |title=A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKaPrQPFIAMC&pg=PA267|date=1 June 1990|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |page=267 |isbn=978-0-299-10744-4}}</ref>

=== July–September ===
* [[July 12]] (([[Kakitsu|Kakitsu 1]], 24th day of the 6th month) – In [[Japan]], the ''[[Shōgun]]'' [[Ashikaga Yoshinori]] is murdered by [[Akamatsu Mitsusuke]], who isupset that  Ashikaga has made Akamatsu Sadaura leader of the Akamatsu clan. Over the next 16 days, several  prominent nobles allied with Ashikaga are killed during the fighting including [[Kyōgoku Takakazu (d. 1441)|Kyōgoku Takakazu]], the [[Shugo]] of [[Yamashiro Province]] and Ōuchi Mochiyo (1394–1441), the head of the [[Ōuchi clan]]. After the fighting ceases, Yoshinori's 8-year-old son, [[Ashikaga Yoshikatsu]], is proclaimed as the new ''shōgun''.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA339,M1  p. 339]; Nussbaum, "''Kaikitsu-no-hen''" in [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA456&dq=  ''Japan encyclopedia'', p. 456.]</ref>
* [[July 23]] – [[Al-Mustakfi II|Abū r-Rabīʿ Sulaymān al-Mustakfī bi-Llāh]], or Al-Mustakfi II, becomes the new [[List of Abbasid caliphs#Caliphs of Cairo (1261–1517)|Caliph of Cairo]] upon the death of his father, [[Al-Mu'tadid II]].<ref>[[Ludwig W. Adamec]] (2009), ''Historical Dictionary of Islam'', p.136. Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0810861615}}.</ref> 
* [[August 15]] – King [[Afonso V of Portugal]], the 9-year-old monarch since the [[1438]] death of his father, [[Edward, King of Portugal|King Duarte]], is formally [[betrothal|betrothed]] to his cousin, [[Isabel of Coimbra]], aged 10, as part of an arranged marriage planned by Isabel's father [[Peter, Duke of Coimbra|Pedro, Duke of Coimbra]], the King's regent. Their marriage does not take place until almost six years later, on May 6, 1447.
* [[August 26]] – Bishop [[Alberto da Sarteano]], who had been sent by the Vatican on a mission to seek the Ethiopian Coptic Christian Church to join with the Roman Catholic Church, returns to Rome with four [[Ethiopians]] who had been allowed to leave by the [[Ethiopian Empire|Emperor]] [[Zara Yaqob]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg-8ZOeBqcYC&dq=Coucil+Florence+Ethiopians&pg=PA81|title=The European Outthrust and Encounter: The First Phase C.1400-c.1700 : Essays in Tribute to David Beers Quinn on His 85th Birthday|first1=David B.|last1=Quinn|first2=Cecil H.|last2=Clough|first3=P. E. H.|last3=Hair|first4=Paul Edward Hedley|last4=Hair|date=Jan 1, 1994|publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]|isbn=9780853232292 |accessdate=Dec 27, 2022|via=Google Books}}</ref> Two of the visitors the attend the [[Council of Florence]] to discuss the possible union of [[Coptic Orthodoxy]] and the [[Latin Church]], marking the earliest recorded contact of the Ethiopian Coptic Church with Europe.
* [[September 6]] – The [[Dutch–Hanseatic War]] concludes with the [[Treaty of Copenhagen (1441)|Treaty of Copenhagen]].<ref>''Historical Tables, 58 BC–AD 1985'', by S. H. Steinberg · 1986) p.97 ("1441, Sept. 6: Peace of Copenhagen between Hansa and Holland."</ref><ref>Ernst Robert Daenell, ''Die blütezeit der deutschen Hanse'' (Walter de Gruyter, 1905) p.320 ("Am 6. September 1441 wurde der Vertrag zwischen beiden geschlossen, in dem die Hollander den Presussen und Livlandern als Enstschadigung fur die Wegnahme der 22 Schiffe im Jarhre 1438...")("On 6 September 1441, the treaty was concluded between the two, in which the Dutch offered the Prussians and Livonians compensation for the capture of the 22 ships in 1438...")</ref>
[[File:Christopher of Bavaria crop.jpg|150px|thumb|King Cristoffer of Sweden]]
* [[September 13]] — The coronation of [[Christopher of Bavaria|King Christopher II of Denmark]] as King Cristoffer of Sweden takes place in [[Uppsala]].
* [[September 15]] – The Metropolitan Isidore of Kiev is allowed by Grand Prince Vasily II to escape from imprisonment in [[Moscow]], along with two of his disciples, [[Gregory the Bulgarian]] and Afanasy. He flees to [[Tver]] and then to [[Novogrudok]] and eventually to Rome.<ref name=Fennell/>
* [[September 19]] – The [[siege of Pontoise]] ends after four months, following a three-day final assault led by Marshal [[André de Laval-Montmorency]] and [[Jean V de Bueil|Jean de Bueil, Count of Sancerre]] of the French Army. More than 400 of the English defenders are killed, and hundreds of survivors taken prisoner, including their commander, [[John Clinton, 5th Baron Clinton|Baron Clinton]]. Because Pontoise was not surrendered, the property of the surivors is seized by the French and Clinton and most of his officers are held hostage until a ransom is paid. The English soldiers are not ransomed and are drowned in public instead.<ref name=Barker/>

=== October–December ===
* [[October 2]] – (16 [[Jumada al-Awwal]], [[Islamic calendar|845 AH]]) In what is now Saudi Arabia, [[Ali ibn Hasan ibn Ajlan]] is appointed as the new [[Emir of Mecca]] by the Mamluk Sultanate and his brother [[Barakat ibn Hasan]] is deposed, but the news does not reach Barakat for nearly two months.<ref name=Ghazi>{{cite book|author-last=al-Ghāzī|author-first=‘Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad|editor1=‘Abd al-Malik ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Duhaysh|script-title=ar:إفادة الأنام|title=Ifādat al-anām|date=2009|publisher=Maktabat al-Asadī|location=Makkah|pages=292–293|edition=1st|language=Arabic|volume=3}}</ref>
* [[October 4]] – [[Pope Eugene IV]] issues a [[papal bull]] to recognized the [[Ambrosians|Order of St Ambrose]].<ref>{{Catholic|wstitle=Ambrosians|inline=yes}}</ref> 
* [[October 25]] – In accordance with the propsoals for the Peace of Cremona to end the war between Venice and Milan, [[Francesco I Sforza]] of Venice marries [[Bianca Maria Visconti]], daughter of the [[Duke of Milan]]. An Italian tradition credits the creation of [[nougat]] to the celebration of the wedding.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 1, 2016 |title=Storia del mandorlato {{!}} Torronificio Scaldaferro |url=http://www.scaldaferro.it/laboratorio/storia-del-mandorlato/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101120143/http://www.scaldaferro.it/laboratorio/storia-del-mandorlato/|archive-date=January 1, 2016|access-date=January 28, 2021|language=it}}</ref>
* [[November 10]] – [[Alfonso V of Aragon]] lays siege to [[Naples]].
* [[November 20]] – The [[Peace of Cremona (1441)]] ends the war between the [[Republic of Venice]] and the [[Duchy of Milan]].<ref>{{cite book | last= Hazlitt | first = W. Carew | title = The Venetian Republic: Its Rise, its Growth, and its Fall, 421–1797. Volume II, 1423–1797 | year = 1900 | publisher = Adam and Charles Black | location = London | url = https://archive.org/details/venetianrepubli02hazlgoog | pages=[https://archive.org/details/venetianrepubli02hazlgoog/page/n91 79]–80 }}</ref>
* [[November 29]] – (14 [[Rajab]] 845 AH) Barakat ibn Hasan learns that he is deposed as [[Emir of Mecca]] and leaves that evening.<ref name=Ghazi/>
* [[December 3]] – King Henry VI summons the members of the English Parliament to assemble at Westminster on January 25.
* [[December 16]] – (2 [[Sha'ban]] 845 AH) Ali ibn Hasan ibn Ajlan takes office as the new [[Emir of Mecca]].<ref name=Ghazi/>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Ouagadougou]] becomes the capital of the [[Mossi Kingdoms]].
* A revolt occurs in the [[Maya peoples|Mayan]] nation of [[Mayapan]]; the [[Maya civilization]] splits into warring city-states.
* With the help of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], governor [[Hacı I Giray]] declares his province independent of the [[Golden Horde]] and establishes the [[Crimean Khanate]].
* [[Nuno Tristão]] reaches the [[Ras Nouadhibou]] (''Cabo Branco'') on the western coast of Africa. This is probably the first voyage where a [[caravel]] is used for maritime exploration.
* The first enslaved black Africans are brought to [[Europe]] at [[Lagos, Portugal|Lagos]] in the [[Kingdom of Portugal]].
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