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== Events == <onlyinclude> === January–March === * [[January 1]] – [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] explorers, led by [[Gonçalo Coelho]], sail into [[Guanabara Bay]], [[Brazil]], mistaking it for the mouth of a river, which they name [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ben Box|author2=Mick Day|title=Brazil Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1IUAQAAIAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Footprint|isbn=978-1-900949-50-7|page=97}}</ref> * [[January 24]] – Commissioners from [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of England|England]] meet at [[Richmond Palace]] in London to finalize an agreement on the marriage between Scotland's [[James IV of Scotland|King James IV]] to the daughter of England's [[Henry VII of England|King Henry VII]], the princess [[Margaret Tudor]], with a dowry of 35,000 [[Pound Scots|Scottish Punnd]]s and an agreement for a "treaty of perpetual peace".<ref>George Goodwin, ''Fatal Rivalry: Floodin, 1513'' (W. W. Norton, 2013) p. 39</ref> The marriage will be completed by proxy on January 25, 1503. * [[February 12]] – [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella I]] issues an edict outlawing Islam in the [[Crown of Castile]], forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to [[Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain|convert to Christianity]]. * [[February 13]] – The new Viceroy of the New World, [[Nicolás de Ovando]], departs Spain with a fleet of 30 ships and orders to replace Viceroy [[Francisco de Bobadilla]] at [[Santo Domingo]] on the island of [[Hispaniola]], and arrives in April. * [[March 14]] – [[Christopher Columbus]] begins preparation for [[Fourth voyage of Columbus|his fourth and final voyage]], with a goal of finding a westward passage in the New World to link the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean. * [[March 26]] – The [[List of earthquakes in Croatia|first recorded earthquake in what is now Croatia]] strikes at [[Medvednica]] with a Mercalli scale intensity estimated at VIII. (2000).<ref>[https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/20003 "Potresi na zagrebačkom području"] ("Earthquakes in Zagreb Area"), by Veselin Simović, ''Građevinar'', journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers (2000) pp. 637–645</ref> === April–June === * [[April 2]] – [[Arthur, Prince of Wales]], the 15-year-old Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Chester, heir to the English throne as eldest son of [[Henry VII of England|King Henry VII]], dies after a long illness less than five months after marrying [[Catherine of Aragon]]. Arthur's 10-year-old brother, [[Henry VIII|Henry, Duke of York]], becomes the new heir to the throne and will later succeed his father as King Henry VIII.<ref>Alison Weir, ''The Six Wives of Henry VIII'' (Grove Press, 2007) p. 37</ref> * [[April 11]] – [[Dmitry Ivanovich (grandson of Ivan III)|Dmitry Ivanovich Vnuk]], who had been the teenage co-ruler of the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] since 1498 with his grandfather [[Ivan III of Moscow|Ivan III]], is arrested along with his mother, [[Elena of Moldavia]] on suspicion of conspiracy.<ref>"The Dynastic Crisis 1497-1502", by J. L. I. Fennell, in ''The Slavonic and East European Review'' (December 1960) pp. 8-9</ref> Ivan designates his son (and Dmitry's uncle) [[Vasili III of Moscow|Vasili Ivanovich]] as the new heir to the throne of Moscow. * [[April 14]] – The formal coronation of [[Ivan III of Moscow|Ivan the Great]] as [[List of Russian monarchs#Grand Princes of Moscow|Grand Prince of Moscow]] (encompassing most of the [[Russian people]]'s territory) to reflect that he is the nation's sole ruler. Ivan had been co-ruler of Moscow from 1449 to 1462, ruler from 1462 to 1471 and 1490 to 1498, and co-ruler with his eldest son (Ivan the Young, 1471-1490) and his grandson, Dmitry Ivanovich from 1498 onward. * [[May 3]] – [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] navigator [[João da Nova]] discovers the uninhabited island of [[Saint Helena]].<ref>The traditional May 21 date is the [[Protestant]] feast day for Saint [[Helena (empress)]], and would not have been marked this day by the Portuguese, because they were members of the [[Catholic Church]], and also because the island was discovered before the [[Reformation]] started. The discovery date is quoted as 3 May during the 16th/17th centuries, corresponding to the Catholic Feast day of the [[True Cross]], a date that is closely linked to the name of Saint Helena. {{cite journal|first=Ian|last=Bruce|title=St Helena Day|journal=Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena|issue=44|year=2015|pages=32–46|url=http://sainthelenaisland.info/sthelenadayarticleianbruce.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sainthelenaisland.info/sthelenadayarticleianbruce.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> * [[May 9]] – [[Christopher Columbus]] leaves [[Cadiz, Spain|Cadiz]] in [[Spain]] for his [[Christopher Columbus#Fourth voyage (1502–1504)|fourth]] and final trip to the [[New World]], taking with him 147 men on his flagship, ''Capitana'' and the companion ships ''Gallega'', ''Vizcaína'', and ''Santiago de Palos''.<ref name=Bergreen>Lawrence Bergreen, ''Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504'' (Penguin Group, 2011) pp.298-299</ref> He explores Central America, and discovers the [[Isthmus of Panama]] and the land now occupied by [[Honduras]], and [[Costa Rica]], and possibly the island of [[St. Lucia]] as well <ref>{{cite web|title=History of St. Lucia|url=http://aboutstlucia.sluhoo.com/The%20history%20of%20stlucia.html|access-date=May 6, 2011}}</ref> * [[May 26]] – Columbus and his men complete the rescue of stranded Portuguese soldiers in [[Morocco]], then depart [[Asilah]] for a crossing of the Atlantic in 20 days.<ref name=Bergreen/> * [[June 15]] – Columbus and his crew land on the island of [[Martinique]] and land at [[Le Carbet]].<ref name=Bergreen/> * [[June 29]] – Columbus and his crew attempt to land at [[Santo Domingo]] in order to avoid being caught in a [[hurricane]], despite being ordered not to return to [[Hispaniola]]. [[Nicolás de Ovando]], the Spanish Viceroy, refuses to let Columbus sail into harbor and does not believe the warnings of the hurricane, which strikes two days later. === July–September === * [[July 1]] – A [[Shipwrecks of Puerto Rico#Timeline of historical wrecks|powerful hurricane]] sweeps through the Caribbean Sea near [[Puerto Rico]] and the island of [[Hispaniola]], two days after [[Christopher Columbus]] was denied permission to land at [[Santo Domingo]]. An estimated 500 people are killed when the winds wreck 20 of the 31 ships brought from Spain by the new Viceroy, [[Nicolás de Ovando]], including Ovando's flagship, ''El Dorado''. Former Viceroy [[Francisco de Bobadilla]] and administrator [[Francisco Roldán]] are among the people killed.<ref name=Bergreen/> A ship provided by Bobadilla for Columbus to transport the gold owed to him, the ''Aguja'', is one of the 11 to survive the hurricane and accusations are made that Columbus magically invoked the storm as an act of vengeance.<ref>Samuel Eliot Morison, (1942), Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, Boston: (Little, Brown and Co., 1942) p. 590</ref> * [[July 28]] – At [[Augsburg]], [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], Germany's [[King of the Romans]] signs a treaty with representatives of King Henry VII of England, agreeing not to provide assistance to English rebels. * [[July 30]] – The first encounter between Europeans and the [[Maya people]] of Central America takes place when the Columbus brothers anchor at [[Guanaja]], one of the [[Bay Islands Department|Bay Islands]] off of the coast of what is now the nation of [[Honduras]]. An unfortunate group of [[Trade in Maya civilization|Mayan traders]] happens to arrive at Guanaja at the same time, and its cargo is looted by Bartolomeo Columbus and his crew.<ref>Robert J. Sharer and Loa P. Traxler, ''The Ancient Maya'' (Stanford University Press, 2006) p.758</ref> * [[August 14]] – [[Christopher Columbus]] and his crew land at [[Puerto Castilla, Honduras|Puerto Castilla]] in what is now the mainland of the nation of [[Honduras]], becoming the first Europeans to visit. * [[September 18]] – [[Christopher Columbus]] lands at Central America at what is now [[Costa Rica]]. * [[September 29]] – [[Anne of Foix-Candale]] is proclaimed Queen of Hungary upon her marriage to [[Vladislaus II of Hungary|Vladislaus II]], King of Hungary and Bohemia, at a ceremony in [[Székesfehérvár]]. === October–December === * [[October 1]] – An annular solar eclipse occurs. * [[October 16]] – Columbus and his crew arrive at Almirante Bay in Panama. * [[November 7]] – [[Ismail I]] founds the [[Safavid dynasty]] and proclaims himself the Shah of Iran after defeating tribes of the [[Aq Qoyunlu]] confederation. * [[November 19]] – The "[[Cantino planisphere]]", a precise copy for an Italian spy of Portugal's secret [[Padrão Real]] map of the New World, is acquired by Alberto Cantino, agent for [[Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara]], at a cost of 12 golden [[ducat]]s. * [[December 26]] – [[Cesare Borgia]] kills Ramiro d'Orco; this incident is referenced in [[Machiavelli]]'s ''[[The Prince]]'' * [[December 31]] – [[Cesare Borgia]] (son of [[Pope Alexander VI]]) occupies [[Urbino]], where he imprisons two potentially treacherous allies, Vitellozzo and Oliveretto; he executes them the next morning. === Date unknown === * The first African slaves brought to the [[New World]] arrive at the island of [[Hispaniola]] (modern-day [[Haiti]] and [[Dominican Republic]]). * [[Bristol]] merchants return from [[Newfoundland]] (first so named this year from a letter) to [[England]], carrying three native people and [[cod]] from the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland|Grand Banks]].<ref name=Fabyan>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Fabyan|author-link=Robert Fabyan|title=The New Chronicles of England and France|year=1516}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times|url=https://archive.org/details/innorthernmistsa01nans|first=Fridtjof|last=Nansen|year=1911|author-link=Fridtjof Nansen}}</ref> * [[Moctezuma II]] is elected [[emperor]] of the [[Aztec]]s, following the death of [[Ahuitzotl]]. * [[Meñli I Giray]] defeats the [[Golden Horde]] and sacks their capital, Sarai. * [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|Wittenberg University]] is founded. * In [[Holy Roman Empire|Germany]], [[Peter Henlein]] of [[Nuremberg]] uses iron parts and coiled springs to build a portable timepiece. * In [[Italy]], [[Asher Lämmlein]] declares that the [[Jewish Messiah]] will arrive in the next 6 months, resulting in the ''year of penance''. * [[The King's School, Macclesfield]], England, is founded by Sir John Percyvale. * [[Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa]] receives the degree of ''[[magister artium]]'' from the [[University of Cologne]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Valente|first=Michaela|chapter=Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius|title=Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionarygnosis00hane|url-access=limited|editor=Hanegraaff, Wouter J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionarygnosis00hane/page/n34 4]–8|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|year=2006|isbn=90-04-15231-8}}</ref> * Wilhelm Bombast moves to [[Villach]] with his son, [[Paracelsus]].</onlyinclude>
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