Editing 1503 (section)

== Events ==
=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Seville]] in [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]] is awarded exclusive rights to trade with the [[New World]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cervantes |first1=Fernando |title=Conquistadores: A New History of Spanish Discovery and Conquest |date=14 September 2021 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-98126-9 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4w8EAAAQBAJ&dq=%2220+january+1503%22+seville+new+world&pg=PA64 |access-date=18 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[January 24]] &ndash; Construction of the [[Henry VII Chapel]] at [[Westminster Abbey]] begins in the [[perpendicular style]], the final stage of English Gothic art.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=137–140|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Challenge of Barletta]]: Thirteen Italian knights defeat thirteen [[Kingdom of France|French]] knights, near [[Barletta]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Historia del combattimento de' tredici Italiani con altrettanti Francesi, fatto in Puglia tra Andria e Quarati |date=1844 |publisher=Gabriele Porcelli |location=Naples |page=5 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GoNycOwblO4C/page/n3/mode/2up?q=Tredici |access-date=18 June 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
* [[February 23]] &ndash; [[Italian Wars of 1499–1504#Third Italian War|Third Italian War]]: [[Battle of Ruvo]] &ndash; The [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] defeat the French in Italy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prescott |first1=William Hickling |title=History of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic |date=1859 |publisher=Phillips, Sampson, & Co. |location=Boston |pages=56–57 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyreignfer05unkngoog/page/56/mode/2up?q=23 |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[March 15]] &ndash; Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] and sailors of his [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|Portuguese India Armada]] become the first Europeans to sight the [[Seychelles]] islands as [[Thomé Lopes]] notes the discovery of what will later be called [[Silhouette Island]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
[[File:LocationCaymanIslands.png|thumb|[[May 10]]: [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] at [[Cayman Islands]]]]
[[File:Coronación de Moctezuma II, en el folio 152.png|250px|thumb|May 24: Coronation of Moctezuma II as Aztec Emperor takes place in Tenochtitlan]]
* [[April 2]] &ndash; The [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (ruled by a Portuguese-installed raja, [[History of Kochi#Rulers of Kochi|Unni Ramman Koyil II]] in modern-day India's [[Kerala]] state) is invaded by 50,000 [[Nair]] troops of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=T. Madhava |title=A Handbook of Kerala |date=2000 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |isbn=978-81-85692-27-2 |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FltwAAAAMAAJ&q=%22april%201503%22 |access-date=19 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[Italian Wars of 1499–1504#Third Italian War|Third Italian War]]: [[Battle of Seminara (1503)|Battle of Seminara]] &ndash; Spanish forces under [[Fernando de Andrade de las Mariñas]] defeat the French under [[Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny]], who is captured, in Calabria.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Almirante |first1=José |title=Bosquejo de la historia militar de España: hasta fines del siglo XVIII |date=1923 |volume=1|publisher=Sucesores de Rivadeneyra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qU5YAAAAcAAJ&q=%2221%20de%20abril%20de%201503%22 |access-date=19 June 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* [[April 28]] &ndash; [[Italian Wars of 1499–1504#Third Italian War|Third Italian War]]: [[Battle of Cerignola]] &ndash; Spanish forces under [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]] defeat the French under [[Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours]], who is killed, in Apulia. This is considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hans Delbrück|title=History of the art of war within the framework of political history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oEpAQAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-8371-6365-9|page=73|language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 10]] &ndash; [[Christopher Columbus]] discovers the [[Cayman Islands]], which he names ''Las Tortugas'', after the numerous [[sea turtle]]s there.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.gov.ky/history |website=Cayman Islands Government |access-date=19 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 13]] &ndash; [[Naples]] is captured by the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]].
* [[May 20]] ([[Feast of the Ascension]]) &ndash; [[Ascension Island]] is first definitively sighted, by [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] admiral [[Afonso de Albuquerque]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Mysterra Magazine|title=Ascension History|url=http://www.mysterra.org/webmag/ascension-island/history.html|access-date=2011-12-09|archive-date=June 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613222039/http://www.mysterra.org/webmag/ascension-island/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[May 24]] &ndash; The coronation of [[Moctezuma II]] as ruler of the Aztec Empire takes place at the Aztec capital of [[Tenochtitlan]], part of modern-day [[Mexico City]].<ref>[http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080012502_C/1080012503_T2/1080012503_MA.PDF "Account of Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl"], in ''Obras históricas'', Volume 2, ed. by Alfredo Chavero (Oficina de la Secretaría de Fomento Mexicano)</ref>
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[James IV of Scotland]] and [[Margaret Tudor]] of England are married as per the [[Treaty of Perpetual Peace]] by [[Pope Alexander VI]], according to [[Papal bull]].
* [[June 21]] &ndash; [[Sultan Murad (Aq Qoyunlu)|Murad]], the last Sultan of [[Aq Qoyunlu]] in modern-day eastern [[Turkey]] fights the Safavid King of Persia, [[Ismail I]] in a battle near the city of [[Hamadan]], and suffers 10,000 casualties, including his commander Güzel Ahmad.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarwar |first1=Ghulam |title=History of Shah Isma'il Safawi |date=1939 |location=Aligarh |page=45 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfShahIsmailSafawi-GhulamSarwar/page/n53/mode/2up?q=ahmad |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[June 23]] &ndash; Representatives of King [[Henry VII of England]] and Queen Isabella of Spain sign a treaty for 12-year-old [[Henry VIII|Henry, Prince of Wales]] to be married to [[Catherine of Aragon]], widow of King Henry's son [[Arthur, Prince of Wales|Arthur]].<ref>J. J. Scarisbrick, ''Henry VIII'' (Yale University Press, 1997) p. 8</ref>
* [[June 25]] &ndash; After his ships are damaged in a storm, [[Christopher Columbus]] and his 230 men are forced to beach at the island of [[Jamaica]] (at modern-day [[Saint Ann Parish]]) and remain stranded there for the next six months.<ref>Lawrence Bergreen, ''Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504'' (Penguin, 2011) pp.330-332</ref>
* [[June 27]] &ndash; The book ''[[The Imitation of Christ]]'' by [[Thomas à Kempis]] is re-published in an English translation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Creasy |first1=William C. |title=The Imitation of Christ: A New Reading of the 1441 Latin Autograph Manuscript |date=15 September 2015 |publisher=Mercer University Press |isbn=978-0-88146-097-1 |page=xxii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JI7AA0GAbUgC&dq=The+Imitation+of+Christ+%221503%22&pg=PR22 |access-date=20 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 23]] &ndash; Orbital calculations suggest that on this day [[Pluto]] moves outside [[Neptune]]'s orbit, remaining there for 233 years.
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[Saint Helena]] is first definitively sighted, by ships of Portuguese navigator [[Estêvão da Gama (c. 1470)|Estêvão da Gama]] returning from the East.<ref>{{cite journal|first=A. H.|last=Schulenburg|title=The discovery of St Helena: the search continues|journal=Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena|volume=24|date=Spring 2002|pages=13–19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Duarte|last=Leite|title=História dos Descobrimentos|volume=II|location=Lisbon|publisher=Edições Cosmos|year=1960|page=206}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Fracanzio|last=da Montalboddo|title=Paesi Nuovamente Retovati & Nuovo Mondo da Alberico Vesputio Fiorentino Intitulato|location=Venice|year=1507}}</ref>
* [[August 8]] &ndash; King [[James IV of Scotland]] marries [[Margaret Tudor]], daughter of King [[Henry VII of England]], at [[Holyrood Abbey]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Morgan |title=So High a Blood: The Story of Margaret Douglas, the Tudor That Time Forgot |date=25 April 2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-63286-607-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIc6DgAAQBAJ&dq=%228+august+1503%22+margaret+holyrood&pg=PT18 |access-date=19 June 2023 |quote=On 8 August 1503, Margaret was led to the abbey church of Holyrood, a Gothic monastery that James had transformed into a palace. Sitting at the base of Arthur's seat, Holyrood offered Margaret new apartments, extensive gardens and respite from the noise of the city. There, she and James were married and Margaret was crowned.|language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Pope Alexander VI]] dies after a reign of 11 years, and the largest gathering of cardinals up to that time— 21 from Italy, 11 from Spain and 7 from France— is called to Rome for [[September 1503 papal conclave|a papal conclave]], to start in September. 
* [[August 20]] &ndash; A previous treaty between [[Vladislaus II of Hungary]] and [[Bayezid II]], which was finalized on June 11, goes into effect.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pálosfalvi |first1=Tamás |title=From Nicopolis to Mohács: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389-1526 |date=20 September 2018 |page=321|publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-37565-9 |url=https://brill.com/display/title/37925?language=en |access-date=19 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The treaty suppresses warfare along the Hungarian-Ottoman border. [[Stephen III of Moldavia]] is also included in this treaty, but it preserves his nation's independence on the condition Moldavia pays an annual tribute to the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[September 22]] &ndash; Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, Archbishop of Siena, is elected as the new Pope after the voting cardinals cannot decide between Georges d'Amboise of France or Giuliano della Rovere of Italy. Piccolomini takes the name of [[Pope Pius III]] but will reign for only 26 days.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frieda|first1=Leonie|title=The deadly sisterhood : a story of women, power and intrigue in the Italian Renaissance, 1427-1527|date=2013|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|isbn=978-0-7538-2844-1|edition=Paperback |pages=275–276}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
[[File:Mona Lisa detail eyes.jpg|thumb|By October: Work on ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' has begun]]
* October &ndash; Earliest record of [[Leonardo da Vinci]] working on a portrait of [[Lisa del Giocondo]], probably the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', in [[Florence]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Webster|title=Observations on the Mona Lisa Landscape|journal=The Art Bulletin|date=June 1985|volume=67|issue=2|pages=183–199|doi=10.1080/00043079.1985.10788256|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043079.1985.10788256|access-date=2023-06-20|language=en|issn=0004-3079|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mona Lisa – Heidelberg discovery confirms identity|url=http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/news/monalisa.html|publisher=University Library, University of Heidelberg|access-date=2025-05-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508121954/http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/news/monalisa.html|archive-date=2011-05-08|via=Wayback Machine}}</ref>
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Fort Emmanuel]] is christened at [[Kochi, India|Cochin]] after [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] obtained permission to be able to build it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Logan |first1=William |title=Malabar Manual, Vol. 1 |date=1887 |publisher=Madras Government Press |location=Madras |isbn=978-81-206-0446-9 |pages=309–310 |url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/page/308/mode/2up?q=firs |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref> It is the first European fort in India, in addition to being the first [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] fort.
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Pope Pius III]] dies less than four weeks after being elected, prompting the calling of the [[October 1503 papal conclave|second papal conclave in as many months]].<ref name="pap">{{cite book |last1=Pastor |first1=Ludwig |last2=Antrobus |first2=Frederick Ignatius |title=The History Of The Popes, From The Close Of The Middle Ages, Drawn From The Secret Archives Of The Vatican And Other Original Sources, Volume 6 |date=1902 |publisher=B. Herder|location=St. Louis |url=https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfThePopesV6/page/205/mode/2up?q=november |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|198–207}}
* [[October 30]] &ndash; [[Isabella I of Castile|Queen Isabella I]] of Spain issues an edict prohibiting violence against indigenous peoples in the [[New World]].
* [[November 1]] &ndash; Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, Bishop of Ostia, is elected the 216th Roman Catholic Pontiff [[October 1503 papal conclave|at the end of the year's second papal conclave]] and takes the papal name [[Pope Julius II]].<ref name="pap" />{{rp|210}} Della Rovere had received 15 of 32 votes in the [[September 1503 papal conclave|September voting]] for a plurality, but still short of a majority.<ref name="pl">{{cite book |last1=Baumgartner |first1=Frederic J. |title=Behind locked doors : a history of the Papal elections |date=2003 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-29463-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/behindlockeddoor00fred/page/89/mode/2up?q=fifteen |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|89}} Julius II reigns for a little more than nine years until his death in 1513.<ref name="pl" />{{rp|91}}
* [[November 11]] &ndash; [[Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny]], commander of the defeated French forces and a prisoner of war since his April 21 defeat at the Battle of Seminara, is released from [[Castel Nuovo]] in [[Naples]] after a truce between France and Spain.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cust |first1=Lady Elizabeth |title=Some Account of the Stuarts of Aubigny, in France: 1422-1672 |date=1891 |publisher=Chiswick Press |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzXwr3-q3DAC&dq=11+dAubigny+1503+dAubigny+castel+nuovo&pg=PA37 |access-date=20 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 29]] &ndash; Pope Julius II, formerly  Giuliano della Rovere, adds four new people to the College of Cardinals, including two members of his family, [[Clemente Grosso della Rovere|Clemente della Rovere]] and [[Galeotto Franciotti della Rovere|Galeotto della Rovere]].<ref name="pap" />{{rp|219}} By the time of his death, Julius will have added 27 cardinals to the Roman Catholic Church, five of them from the della Rovere family.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Cardinals of the 16th Century |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xvi.htm#JuliusII |website=cardinals.fiu.edu |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[December 29]] &ndash; [[Italian Wars of 1499–1504#Third Italian War|Third Italian War]]: The [[Battle of Garigliano (1503)|Battle of Garigliano]] takes place near [[Gaeta]] in Italy. [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] forces under [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]] defeat a French–Italian [[mercenary]] army under [[Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo]]; the French forces, who suffer 4,000 casualties, withdraw to [[Gaeta]].