Editing 1520 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Stockholm Bloodbath.jpg|thumb|right|[[November 8]]: [[Stockholm Bloodbath]]]]
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=== January&ndash;March ===
*[[January 19]] &ndash; King [[Christian II of Denmark]] and [[Norway]] defeats the Swedes, at [[Åsunden (Västergötland)|Lake Åsunden]] in [[Sweden]]. The Swedish regent [[Sten Sture the Younger]] is mortally wounded in the [[Battle of Bogesund]]. He is rushed towards [[Stockholm]], in order to lead the fight against the Danes from there.<ref name=Butler>{{cite book |author=Ewan Butler |title=The Horizon Concise History of Scandinavia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9iEAAAAIAAJ|year=1973 |publisher=American Heritage Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-07-009365-2 |page=81}}</ref>
*[[February 3]] &ndash; Swedish regent Sten Sture dies from his wounds leaving a vacancy on the throne that allows King [[Christian II of Denmark]] to conquer Sweden within eight months.<ref name=Butler/>
*[[February 6]] &ndash; The [[Swabian League]] sells the [[Duchy of Württemberg]] to the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], for 220,000 [[florin]]s and payment of the Duchy's debt of 1,100,000 [[Reichsmünzordnung|Goldgulden]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Marcus |first=Kenneth H. |title=Politics of Power: Elites of an Early Modern State in Germany |date=2000 |publisher=Verlag Philipp von Zabern |page=46 |isbn=3-8053-2534-7}}</ref>
*[[March 10]] &ndash; [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk]] becomes England's new [[Lord Deputy of Ireland]]<ref>{{cite DNB |last=Creighton |first=Mandell |wstitle=Howard, Thomas II (1473-1554) |display=Howard, Thomas II (1473–1554) |volume=28 |pages=64–67}}</ref>
*[[March 31]] &ndash; The [[Magellan expedition]], led by Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] (Fernão de Magalhães), pauses in its attempt to sail around the world, stopping at [[Puerto San Julian]] on the lower east coast of what is now [[Patagonia]] in [[Argentina]]. His fleet consists of Magellan's flagship, ''[[Trinidad (ship)|Trinidad]]'', and four other vessels, ''[[Concepción (carrack)|Concepción]]'', ''[[Victoria (ship)|Victoria]]'', ''[[:es:San Antonio (nao)|San Antonio]]'' and ''[[:es:Santiago (carabela)|Santiago]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cameron |first=Ian |title=Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the world |pages=101–103 |date=1974 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=029776568X |location=London |oclc=842695}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
*[[April 2]] &ndash; [[Juan de Cartagena]], formerly captain of the largest ship on the Magellan expedition, ''[[:es:San Antonio (nao)|San Antonio]]'', escapes captivity from the ''Victoria'' and begins a [[mutiny]] against Ferdinand Magellan.<ref name=Beaglehole>{{cite book|last=Beaglehole |first=J.C. | authorlink=John Beaglehole |title=The Exploration of the Pacific |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1968 |pages=25–26 |isbn=9780804703109}}</ref> He is joined by [[Gaspar de Quesada]], captain of the '' Concepción'', and [[Luis de Mendoza (explorer)|Luis de Mendoza]], captain of the ''Victoria''. On the first day of the rebellion, under the pretense of delivering Magellan's letter of surrender to the ''Victoria'', several crew from the Magellan's flagship ''Trinidad'' stab Mendoza to death, and the rest of the ''Victoria'' crew seizes the mutineers.<ref name=Beaglehole/>
*[[April 3]] &ndash; The crew of the ''San Antonio'' surrenders to Magellan after being unable to stop drifting in strong winds and being fired at by a cannon, and Gaspar de Quesada surrenders the ''Concepcion''.<ref name=Beaglehole/> Four days later, Quesada is beheaded along with other mutineers, while Cartagena is left on an island by Magellan in August.
*[[April 16]] &ndash; [[Revolt of the Comuneros]]: Citizens of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] opposed to the rule of the [[County of Flanders|Flemish]]-born [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], rise up when the royal government attempts to unseat radical city councilors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haliczer |first1=Stephen |title=The Comuneros of Castile : the forging of a revolution, 1475-1521 |date=1981 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison |isbn=978-0-299-08500-1 |pages=160–161 |url=https://archive.org/details/comunerosofcasti0000hali/page/160/mode/2up?q=flemish |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>
*[[May 7]] &ndash; The semi-independent [[Duchy of Mecklenburg]], in what is now [[Germany]], is partitioned into two duchies, [[Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] and [[Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Mecklenburg-Strelitz]].<ref>Gustav Hempel, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_2UAAAAAcAAJ&dq=Neubrandenburg+Hausvertrag&pg=RA1-PA53 Geographisch-statistisch-historisches Handbuch des Meklenburger Landes]'' (Güstrow Frege, publisher, 1837), p. 52–53.</ref>
*[[May 22]] &ndash;
**The [[Massacre in the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan]] takes place in Mexico after the Aztec Emperor [[Moctezuma II]] is allowed by the Deputy Governor of New Spain, [[Pedro de Alvarado]], to host Aztec nobles at the Great Temple at [[Tenochtitlan]] to celebrate the Feat of [[Toxcatl]] in honor of the god [[Tezcatlipoca]]. Alvarado uses the opportunity to kill more than 600 Aztec warriors and commanders, but spares Moctezuma.<ref name="Tena 2008">{{cite book |last=Tena |first=Rafael |title=El Calendario Mexica y la Cronografía |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia |location=México, D.F |year=2008 |isbn=9789680302932 |oclc=704511699 |language=es |pages=48, 108}}</ref><ref name="Martinez 1994">{{cite journal |title=Doña Isabel Moctezuma, Tecuichpotzin (1509- 1551) |first=Rodrigo |last=Martínez |journal=Revista de la Universidad de México |url=http://www.revistadelauniversidad.unam.mx/ojs_rum/files/journals/1/articles/14010/public/14010-19408-1-PB.pdf |location=México |publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México |oclc=225987442 |date=July 1994 |volume=49 |issue=522 |pages=40–43}}</ref>
**The Magellan expedition loses its first ship as the caravel ''[[:es:Santiago (carabela)|Santiago]]'' is wrecked in a storm while sailing inland on Argentina's [[Santa Cruz River (Argentina)|Santa Cruz River]]<ref name=Bergreen>{{Cite book |last=Bergreen |first=Laurence |title=Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe |date=2006 |publisher=Blackstone Audio |pages=156, 191–192 |isbn=978-0-7927-4395-8 |oclc=1011550094 |type=audio book}}</ref>
* [[June 7]] &ndash; King [[Henry VIII of England]] and King [[Francis I of France]] meet at the famous [[Field of the Cloth of Gold]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Winston Churchill|title=History of the English Speaking Peoples: Based on the Text of 'A History of the English-speaking Peoples' by Sir Winston Churchill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSTvAAAAMAAJ|year=1969|publisher=B.P.C. Publishing|page=1096}}</ref>
* [[June 10]] &ndash; [[Revolt of the Comuneros]]: [[Segovia]] is blockaded.
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Pope Leo X]] issues the bull ''[[Exsurge Domine]]'' (Arise O Lord), threatening [[Martin Luther]] with excommunication, if he does not recant his position on indulgences and other Catholic doctrines.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kolb |first1=Robert |last2=Dingel |first2=Irene |last3=Batka |first3=L'ubomir |chapter=Luther's Life|title=The Oxford Handbook of Martin Luther's Theology |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=14 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604708.013.001 |isbn=978-0-19-960470-8 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34343/chapter/327331207 |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[June 29]] &ndash; [[Moctezuma II]], [[Aztec]] ruler of [[Tenochtitlan]], is assassinated by other Aztec leaders as he attempts to address his people.<ref>{{cite book|last=Díaz|first=Bernal|author-link=Bernal Díaz del Castillo|editor-last=Carrasco|editor-first=Davíd|title=The History of the Conquest of New Spain|year=2008|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque|pages=222–223|isbn=978-0-8263-4287-4|url=https://iu.instructure.com/courses/1479413/files/57622696/download|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> His brother [[Cuitláhuac]] rises to the throne.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[La Noche Triste]] (Night of Sorrow): The forces of [[Cuitláhuac]], [[Aztec]] ruler of [[Tenochtitlan]], gain a major victory against the forces of [[conquistador]] [[Hernán Cortés]]. This results in the death of about 400 conquistadors, and some 2,000 of their [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] allies. However, Cortés and the most skilled of his men manage to escape and later regroup.
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[Battle of Otumba|Otumba]] near Lake Texcaco: The [[Spanish Empire|Spaniards]] defeat the [[Aztecs]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Vincent Grancsay|title=Arms & Armor: Essays from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 1920-1964|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQo4AQAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=The Museum|isbn=978-0-87099-338-1|page=207}}</ref>
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand Magellan]] maroons the two surviving people who had attempted a mutiny against him, Captain [[Juan de Cartagena]] and Father Pedro Sánchez de la Reina, placing them on an island off of the coast of Argentina and providing them with a small supply of ship's biscuits and drinking water. Cartagena and Sanchez are never heard from again.<ref name=Beaglehole/>
* [[August 21]] &ndash; After wintering in [[Patagonia]] in Argentina, the [[Magellan expedition]] resumes its attempt to become the first crew to sail around the world.<ref name=bergreen>{{cite book|author=Laurence Bergreen|title=Over the Edge of the World|publisher=Harper Perennial, 2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/overedgeofworl00berg/page/163 163]|isbn=978-0-06-621173-2|date=2003-10-14|url=https://archive.org/details/overedgeofworl00berg/page/163|author-link=Laurence Bergreen}}</ref>
* [[August 24]] &ndash; The French warrior [[René of Savoy]] departs from [[Marseille]] on his flagship, ''Sainte Marie de Bonaventure'' on a four-month mission to protect the [[Knights Hospitaller]] against an attack by the Ottoman Turks.
* [[August]] &ndash; [[Martin Luther]] publishes ''[[To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mullett |first1=Michael A. |title=Martin Luther |date=15 September 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-64861-1 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzaDBAAAQBAJ&dq=To+the+Christian+Nobility+of+the+German+Nation+martin+luther+%22august+1520%22&pg=PA134 |access-date=22 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Christian II]] makes his triumphant entry into [[Stockholm]], which had surrendered to him a few days earlier.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gfrörer |first1=August Friedrich |title=Gustav Adolph: könig von Schweden und seine Zeit |date=1863 |publisher=Adolph Krabbe |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFcorQs8U9gC&dq=%227+september+1520%22+christian+ii+stockholm&pg=PA3 |access-date=22 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref> Sten Sture's widow [[Christina Gyllenstierna]], who has led the fight after Sten's death, and all other persons in the resistance against the Danes, are granted amnesty and are pardoned for their involvement in the resistance.
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]] succeeds his father [[Selim I]] as [[Ottoman Emperor|Sultan]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=George |title=A History of Cyprus |date=23 September 2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-02064-0 |page=834 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcEOVAfVXOEC&dq=Suleiman+sultan+%2222+september+1520%22&pg=PA834 |access-date=22 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He is officially crowned on September 30.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Emecen |first1=Feridun |title=Sultan Sulaiman Al-Qanuni: Penguasa Dua Daratan dan Dua Lautan |date=12 April 2022 |publisher=Pustaka Al-Kautsar |isbn=978-979-592-969-7 |pages=28–29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7yGEAAAQBAJ&q=%2230%20september%201520%22 |access-date=22 July 2023 |language=id}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 21]] (Feast of St. Ursula) &ndash; The islands of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] are discovered by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer [[João Álvares Fagundes]], off [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]. He names them ''Islands of the 11,000 Virgins'', in honour of [[Saint Ursula]].
* [[October 23]] &ndash; Charles V is crowned King of Germany in [[Aachen]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Philipp |first1=Marion |title=Ehrenpforten für Kaiser Karl V.: Festdekorationen als Medien politischer Kommunikation |date=2011 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-11134-0 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbtZ6EP3JkC&dq=Karl+gegen+den+deutschen+K%C3%B6nig+%E2%80%9E23.+Oktober+1520%E2%80%9C&pg=PA75 |access-date=22 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[October 21]] &ndash; The four remaining ships of the [[Magellan expedition]] and their crews confirm that they have found the passage that will be named the [[Strait of Magellan]], the passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The crew of the ''San Antonio'', led by [[Estêvão Gomes]] elects not to sail into strait and begins journeying back to Spain.<ref>{{cite book|author=Laurence Bergreen|title=Over the Edge of the World|publisher=Harper Perennial, 2003|pages=191–192|isbn=978-0-06-621173-2|date=2003-10-14|url=https://archive.org/details/overedgeofworl00berg/page/163|author-link=Laurence Bergreen}}</ref>
* [[November 1]] &ndash; Christian II is crowned king of Sweden in [[Storkyrkan|Nikolai Church]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Läsebok för folkskolan |date=1903 |publisher=P.A. Norstedt & söner |location=Stockholm |page=500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvoNAAAAYAAJ&dq=christian+ii+sverige+%221+november+1520%22&pg=PA500 |access-date=23 July 2023 |language=sv}}</ref> The coronation is followed by a three-day feast in [[Stockholm]].
* [[November 7]] &ndash; At the end of the third day of Christian's coronation feast, several leading figures of the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion are imprisoned, and tried for high treason.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hillerbrand |first1=Hans J. |title=The Oxford encyclopedia of the Reformation |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-506493-3 |page=114 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0004unse_v6g2/page/114/mode/2up?q=%227+november%22 |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[November 9]]&ndash; [[Stockholm Bloodbath]]: The execution of 82 Swedish noblemen and clergymen, having been sentenced to death for their involvement in the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion, is completed after two days of [[beheading]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Stockholms blodbad 1520 |url=https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/teman/stockholmshandelser/stockholms-blodbad-1520/ |website=Stockholmskällan redaktion |access-date=23 July 2023 |language=sv |date=8 April 2022}}</ref>
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Cuauhtémoc]] becomes the last Aztec Emperor after the death from [[smallpox]] of the Emperor [[Cuitláhuac]], who reigned for only 80 days.{{cite book |first=Manuel |last=Orozco y Berra |title= Historia antigua y de la conquista de México (Ancient history of the conquest of Mexico) |url=http://archive.org/stream/historiaantiguay04oroz#page/492/mode/2up |access-date=October 7, 2012 |year= 1880 |publisher= Tipografía de Gonzalo A. Esteva|page=493}}
* [[November 28]] &ndash; After navigating through the [[Strait of Magellan|strait at the southern end of South America]], three ships under the command of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] reach the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Magellan thankful to find a peaceful sea after the dangerous trip through the strait, names the body of water "El Mar Pacifico" because of its pacifying waters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Scott M. |last2=Callaghan |first2=Richard |title=Magellan's Crossing of the Pacific |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |date=September 2008 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=145–165 |doi=10.1080/00223340802303611 |s2cid=161223057 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00223340802303611 |language=en |issn=0022-3344|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alberdi Lonbide |first1=Xabier |last2=Etxezarraga Ortuondo |first2=Iosu |title=The Victoria : An example of Basque maritime technology that enabled the first circumnavigation of the globe, 1518-1522 |journal=International Journal of Maritime History |date=May 2021 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=241–256 |doi=10.1177/08438714211013575 |s2cid=235599215 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/08438714211013575 |access-date=23 July 2023 |language=en |issn=0843-8714|url-access=subscription }}</ref> becoming the first Europeans to sail from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the Pacific (the strait is later named the [[Strait of Magellan]]).
* [[December 10]] &ndash; [[Martin Luther]] burns a copy of ''The Book of Canon Law'' (see [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon Law]]), and his copy of the Papal bull ''[[Exsurge Domine]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elton |first1=G. R. |title=The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 2, The Reformation, 1520-1559 |date=2 August 1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-34536-1 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59Pae06JSiUC&dq=The+Book+of+Canon+Law+Exsurge+Domine+martin+luther+%2210+december+1520%22&pg=PA69 |access-date=23 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Franciscan]] friar [[Matteo Bassi]] is inspired to return to the primitive life of solitude and penance, as practiced by [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis]], giving rise to the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin]].
* [[Duarte Barbosa]] returns to [[Cananor]].
* Aleksandra Lisowska ([[Roxelana]]) is given as a gift to [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]] on the occasion of his accession to the throne.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peirce |first1=Leslie P. |title=Empress of the east : how a European slave girl became queen of the Ottoman Empire |date=2017 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-465-03251-8 |page=32 |url=https://archive.org/details/empressofeasthow0000peir/page/32/mode/2up?q=%22gift%22 |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel I]] creates the public mail service of Portugal, the [[CTT Correios de Portugal, S.A.|Correio Público]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brito |first1=Ana |title=CTT: uma empresa onde se lê a história do país |url=https://www.publico.pt/2013/12/04/economia/noticia/ctt-uma-empresa-onde-se-le-a-historia-do-pais-1614866 |access-date=23 July 2023 |work=PÚBLICO |date=4 December 2013 |language=pt}}</ref></onlyinclude>