Editing 1522 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Gutenberg Bible.jpg|thumb|right|3rd [[Textus Receptus]].]]
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 9]] &ndash; The [[1521–1522 papal conclave|papal conclave]] to elect a successor to the late [[Pope Leo X]] is concluded as Adriaan Florensz Boeyens of the Netherlands, Bishop of Utrecht, is selected as a compromise candidate despite being absent from the proceedings. Bishop Boeyens is proclaimed as [[Pope Adrian VI]], the 218th pope and the last non-Italian pontiff for the next 450 years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baumgartner |first=Frederic J. |year=2003 |title=Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=95–97 |isbn=0-312-29463-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/behindlockeddoor00fred }}</ref>
* [[January 26]] &ndash; Spanish ''[[conquistador]]'' [[Gil González Dávila]] sets out from the gulf of Panama to explore the Pacific coast of Central America. He [[Spanish conquest of Nicaragua#Discovery of Nicaragua, 1519–1522|explores Nicaragua]] and names [[Costa Rica]] when he finds copious quantities of gold in Pacific beaches.
* [[February 5]] &ndash; In Castile in Spain, the [[Revolt of the Comuneros]] is re-ignited when King Carlos V reneges on a promised amnesty to participants in a 1520 uprising, and threatens to execute revolt leader [[María Pacheco]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pérez |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Pérez |year=2001 |title=Los Comuneros |location=Madrid |publisher=La Esfera de los Libros, S.L. |page=131 |language=es |isbn=84-9734-003-5 |ref=Per01 }}</ref> Calm is restored by the intervention of Maria de Mendoza, and while many of the rebels are punished, Pacheco is able to escape to Portugal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Seaver |first=Henry Latimer |author-link=Henry Latimer Seaver |title=The Great Revolt in Castile: A Study of the Comunero Movement of 1520–1521 |orig-year=1928 |year=1966 |publisher=Octagon Books |location=New York |page=348 }}</ref>
* [[February 7]] &ndash; The Pact of Brussels is signed between [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] and his younger brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Ferdinand]], guaranteeing Charles's support of Ferdiand to become the [[King of the Romans]].
* [[February 10]] &ndash; The [[Grünwald Castle|Grünwald Conference]] takes place in the Duchy of Bavaria in Germany, as the co-rulers, [[William IV, Duke of Bavaria|Duke Wilhelm IV]] and [[Louis X, Duke of Bavaria|Duke Ludwig X]] agreed to retain the traditional Roman Catholic Church but to make their own reformation of the church within the Duchy, beginning what will eventually become the [[Counter-Reformation]].<ref>[https://museen-in-bayern.de/en/exhibitions/exhibition/exhibition/9052  "500 Years of the Grünwald Conference"], Museen-in-Bayern</ref>
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow|Daniil of Volotsk]] is appointed by the Grand Duke of Moscow as the new [[Metropolitan of Moscow]], becoming the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church.<ref>Zhmakin V. I., "Daniil (Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia)", ''Russian Biographical Dictionary'' (St. Petersburg: Dabelov – Dyadkovsky, 1905) pp.84-92</ref>
* [[February 28]] &ndash; The [[Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec|Viscount of Lautrec]], leader of the French Army, spares the Italian residents of [[Treviglio]] from his plan of vengeance for their earlier resistance to the French troops, apparently after witnessing a miracle of seeing a [[fresco]] of the [[Virgin Mary]] shed tears.<ref>Piero Perego and Ildebrando Santagiuliana, ''Storia di Treviglio'' ("History of Treviglio"), Pro Loco, 1987, pp. 351-353</ref>
* [[March 5]] &ndash; In what is now the [[Karnataka]] state of India, [[List of Bahmani Sultans#List of Bahmani Shahs|Waliullah Shah]] is installed as the new ruler of Bahmani by the [[Bidar Sultanate|Sultan of Bidar]], [[Amir Barid I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |title=A History of India |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=9780415329200 |pages=181}}</ref>
* [[March 6]] &ndash; Protestant reformer [[Martin Luther]] returns to [[Wittenberg]] in Germany after getting cleared to return home by his protector, [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony|Frederick the Wise]], [[List of rulers of Saxony|Elector of Saxony]]. <ref>Roland Bainton, ''Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther'' (New York: Penguin, 1995) pp. 44–45</ref> 
* [[March 9]] &ndash;
** In [[Zurich]] in [[Switzerland]], the [[Affair of the Sausages]] begins as Pastor [[Huldrych Zwingli]] of [[Grossmünster]] publicly speaks out against the food restrictions during the Roman Catholic period of fasting during [[Lent]], and advocating that followers of Martin Luther eat [[sausage]], one of the prohibited foods. Zwingli defends his action in the sermon ''Von Erkiesen und Freiheit der Speisen'' ("Regarding the freedom of Choice of Foods"), in that the [[Bible]] does not prohibit the eating of meat during Lent. The public declaration sparks the [[Reformation in Zürich]].<ref>{{cite book
| last=Lindberg| first=Carter| date=July 2009| title=The European Reformations| publisher=John Wiley and Sons| isbn=978-1-4051-8068-9| page=161| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKoS6pB_3RQC&pg=PA161| accessdate=January 15, 2012
}}</ref>
**In Wittenberg, as the first day of [[Lent]] arrives, Martin Luther begins preaching the first of his eight "Invocavit sermons", stressing the primacy of core [[Christian values]], such as love, patience, charity, and freedom, and reminding his followers to trust God's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change.<ref>Martin Brecht, ''Martin Luther'' (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1985–1993), p.165</ref>
* [[March 31]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], turns over control of the [[Duchy of Württemberg]] from [[Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg|the Duke Ulrich]] to the Emperor's brother, [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|the Archduke Ferdiand of Austria]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Marcus |first=Kenneth H. |title=Politics of Power: Elites of an Early Modern State in Germany |date=2000 |publisher={{Ill|Verlag Philipp von Zabern|de}} |page=47 |isbn=3-8053-2534-7}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 27]] &ndash; In the [[Battle of Bicocca]], [[Kingdom of France|French]] and Swiss forces under [[Odet de Lautrec]] are defeated by the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] in their attempt to retake [[Milan]], and are forced to withdraw into [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] territory.<ref>{{cite book|author=André Biéler|title=Calvin's Economic and Social Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-PtAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=World Alliance of Reformed Churches, World Council of Churches|isbn=978-2-8254-1445-3|page=34}}</ref>
* [[May 10]] &ndash;[[Pope Adrian VI]], at the request of Spanish Emperor Carlos V, promulgates the papal bull ''[[Exponi nobis]]'', allowing members of [[mendicant orders]] in the [[New World]] to exercise "almost all episcopal authority" when the closest Roman Catholic [[diocesan bishop]] is more than two days of travel away.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Greenleaf |first1=Richard E. |title=The Inquisition and the Indians of New Spain: A Study in Jurisdictional Confusion |journal=The Americas |date=October 1965 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=138–166 |doi=10.2307/979238 |jstor=979238 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/abs/inquisition-and-the-indians-of-new-spain-a-study-in-jurisdictional-confusion/C717AB3A12CD0E9A9853F23D0A8EB0A5 |access-date=April 27, 2024 |language=en |issn=0003-1615|url-access=subscription }}</ref>  
* [[May 15]] &ndash; At [[Coyoacán]] in [[Mexico]] (at the time, the colony of [[New Spain]]) Spanish conquistador [[Hernán Cortés]] sends his third report to the [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Carlos V]], describing the events of the last two years, including the conquest of [[Tenochtitlan]], capital of the [[Aztec Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Martínez |first1=José Luis |title=Hernán Cortés |date=1990 |publisher=UNAM-FCE |location=México}}</ref>
* [[May 28]] &ndash; The [[Ottoman Empire]]'s [[siege of Knin]] in the [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|Kingdom of Croatia]] is successful as Mihajlo Vojković surrenders to [[Gazi Husrev Bey]] and most of the Croatian inhabitants are allowed to leave. Inhabitants of Bosnia then move in.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/100133|title=Tiniensia archaeologica historica topographica II |last=Gunjača |first=Stjepan |date=September 1960 |journal=Starohrvatska Prosvjeta |volume=III |issue=7 |pages=92 |publisher=[[Museum of Croatian Archaeological Monuments]] |location=Knin |language=hr |access-date=December 13, 2016}}</ref>
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Kingdom of England|England]] formally declares war on [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Knecht |first1=Robert J. |author1-link=Robert Knecht |title=Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |page=200 |isbn=978-0-521-57885-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/renaissancewarri00knec/page/n5/mode/2up }}</ref><ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=142–145|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[May 30]] &ndash; In Italy, the [[:it:Assedio di Genova (1522)|siege of Genoa]], defended by France against the Holy Roman Imperial armies of General [[Fernando d'Avalos]], ends after 10 days as the Imperial troops overrun the city. Since Genoa had refused to surrender, the Imperial troops are permitted to pillage the fallen city.<ref>{{cite book |first=Micheal |last=Clodfelter |year=2017 |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 |publisher=McFarland |pages=11 |isbn=9781476625850|language=en|ref=Clodfelter, 2017}}</ref> 
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] visits King [[Henry VIII]] of England, and signs the [[Treaty of Windsor 1522|Treaty of Windsor]], pledging a joint invasion of France, bringing England into the [[Italian War of 1521–1526]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/204 204–210]|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/204}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 4]] &ndash; Brought on ships across the [[English Channel]], an English fleet and army under the command of [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk|Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey]], attacks [[Brittany]] and [[Picardy]] after landing at Le Dourduff-en-Mer, near [[Calais]], and burns and loots the countryside.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hackett|first=Francis|title=Francis the First|location=Garden City, NY|publisher=Doubleday|year=1937|page=253}}</ref>
* [[July 23]] &ndash; A counter-attack by local peasants and the French Army defeats the English Army in the first [[:fr:Bataille de Morlaix (1522)|Battle of Morlaix]], the day after the English pillage the town of [[Morlaix]] and begin loading their treasure on to their ships. When the French Army, commanded by Guy XVI de Laval, arrives, it finds that most of the English soldiers are either sleeping or drunk after having celebrated a conquest, and about 700 English soldiers are massacred.<ref>"Morlaix", in ''Dictionnaire historique et géographique de la province de Bretagne'', ed. by Jean-Baptiste Ogée (1780)</ref>
* [[July 28]] &ndash; Ottoman Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]] begins his [[Siege of Rhodes (1522)|siege]] to expel the [[Knights of St. John]] in [[Rhodes]].
* [[August 3]] &ndash; [[John Erskine, 5th Lord Erskine|Lord Erskine]] is appointed by [[Margaret Tudor]], regent of Scotland, to be the "keeper" of Margaret's 10-year-old son, [[James V of Scotland|King James V]], who is to remain within the confines of Erskine's home at [[Stirling Castle]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uvBM4s5eHF8C&q=1522 "Ordinance for the Keeping of King James the Fifth"], in ''Report on the Manuscripts of the Earl of Mar and Kellie'', Volume 1, ed. by Thomas Erskine Kellie (1st earl of), Walter John Francis Erskine earl of Mar and Kellie (London: Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, 1904) pp.11-12</ref>
* [[August 15]] &ndash; Ottoman General [[Cem Sultan#Daughters|Mehmed-Bey]] of [[Nikopol, Bulgaria|Nikopol]] enters [[Târgoviște]] and takes control of the [[Wallachia|Principality of Wallachia]], now part of Romania, as [[Radu of Afumați]] is forced to flee.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stoicescu|first=Nicolae|title=Radu de la Afumați|year= 1983|publisher=Editura Militară, București}}</ref> 
* [[August 27]] &ndash; The [[Knights' War]] erupts within the [[Holy Roman Empire]] as [[Franz von Sickingen]] leads a revolt against [[Richard von Greiffenklau zu Vollrads|the Prince-Bishop of Trier]] and to seize the church properties within the [[Electorate of Trier]]
* [[August 31]] &ndash; [[Pope Adrian VI]] is crowned at [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Rome.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baumgartner |first=Frederic J. |year=2003 |title=Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=97–98 |isbn=0-312-29463-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/behindlockeddoor00fred }}</ref>
* [[September 6]] &ndash; A group of 18 men, commanded by Captain [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]], and including [[Antonio Pigafetta]], [[Maestre Anes]] and [[Juan de Zubileta]] become the first people to have traveled around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Ferdinand Magellan |url=https://library.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/magellan/magellan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315154103/https://library.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/magellan/magellan.html |archive-date=March 15, 2024 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=library.princeton.edu |publisher=[[Princeton University Library]]}}</ref> Arriving on the ship ''[[Victoria (ship)|Victoria]]'', they had set off as part of 270 sailors on five ships on the [[Magellan expedition]] almost three years earlier. They return to the Spanish port of [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]], from where they had departed on September 20, 1519.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beaglehole |first=J.C. |title=The Exploration of the Pacific |date=1966 |publisher=Adam & Charles Black |edition=3rd |location=London |page=22 |oclc=253002380 |author-link=John Beaglehole}}</ref>
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Luther Bible]]: [[Martin Luther]]'s [[Bible translations|translation]] of the [[Bible]]'s [[New Testament]] into [[Early New High German]] from Greek, ''Das newe Testament Deutzsch'', is published in Germany, selling thousands in the first few weeks.
* [[September 22]] &ndash; A [[1522 Almería earthquake|6.8 magnitude earthquake kills more than 2,500 people]] in the Spanish city of [[Almería]], near [[Alhama de Almería]]. It has a maximum felt intensity of X–XI (''extreme''), making it the most destructive earthquake in Spanish history, and destroys the city, as well as damaging 80 other towns; in [[Granada]], large cracks are observed in various walls and towers.<ref name="ideal">{{cite web|publisher=Víctor Hernández Bru|title=1522: El año en el que Almería fue destruida por un gran terremoto|date=July 11, 2017|url=https://www.ideal.es/almeria/almeria/1522-almeria-destruida-20170711115247-nt.html|language=es|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 22]] &ndash; An [[European macroseismic scale|EMS-X]] intensity [[1522 Vila Franca earthquake|earthquake kills more than 4,000 people]] on the Azores Islands as its strikes [[Vila Franca do Campo]], the provincial capital, located on [[São Miguel Island]].<ref name="Caldeira_etal_2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Caldeira |first1=B. |last2=Fontiela |first2=J. |last3=Borges |first3=J.F. |last4=Bezzeghoud |first4=M. |date=2017 |title=Large earthquakes in the Azores |journal=Física de la Tierra |volume=29 |pages=29–45 |doi=10.5209/FITE.57601|doi-access=free |hdl=10174/22303 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* [[November 17]] &ndash; The second [[Diet of Nuremberg]] opens to discuss various matters of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], including the Protestant [[Reformation]].<ref>Johann Eberlin von Günzburg, ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fifteen_Confederates/gBOQBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Reichstag+November+Nuremberg+1522&pg=PA14&printsec=frontcover|The Fifteen Confederates]'' (Pickwick Publications, 2014) p.14 n.55</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MLxGDwAAQBAJ&dq=Reichstag+November+Nuremberg+1522&pg=PA348 Martin Luther A Christian Between Reforms and Modernity (1517-2017)]'' (DeGruyter, 2017) pp.348-349</ref>
* [[December 18]] &ndash; The Ottomans finally break into [[Rhodes]], but the Knights continue fierce resistance in the streets.
* [[December 20]] &ndash; [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] accepts the surrender of the surviving Knights in Rhodes, who are allowed to evacuate. They eventually re-settle on [[Malta]], and become known as the [[Knights Hospitaller|Knights of Malta]].

=== Date unknown ===
* The third edition of [[Erasmus]]'s Greek ''[[Textus Receptus]]'' of the [[New Testament]], ''Novum Testamentum'' (with parallel Latin text), is published in [[Basel]].
* Chinese [[Ming dynasty]] War Ministry official He Ru is the first to acquire the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] [[Breech-loading weapon|breech-loading]] [[culverin]], while copies of them are made by two Westernized Chinese at Beijing, Yang San (Pedro Yang) and Dai Ming.
* Australia is sighted by a Portuguese expedition led by [[Cristóvão de Mendonça]], who maps the continent and names it [[Jave la Grande]] ("The Greater Java"), according to the [[theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia]].
* The Portuguese ally with the [[Sultanate of Ternate]] and begin the construction of [[Fort Kastela]].
* The Portuguese, allied with King Ilato of the Goratalo kingdom, construct the [[Otanaha Fortress]].</onlyinclude>