Editing 1523 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Christian II]] is forced to abdicate as King of Denmark and Norway after the nobles of the ''[[House of Nobility (Sweden)|herredag]]'' at [[Viborg, Denmark|Viborg]] have renounced their allegiance in favor of his uncle, [[Frederick I of Denmark|Frederick, Duke of Holstein]]. Christian is exiled to the Netherlands in April.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockhart |first1=Paul Douglas |title=Denmark, 1513–1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy |chapter=The End of the Medieval Monarchy, 1513–1536 |date=1 July 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=18 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271214.003.0002 |isbn=978-0-19-927121-4 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/3301/chapter/144309577 |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[February 15]] &ndash; Construction of [[Fort Kastela]] by Portuguese invaders, on what is now the island of [[Ternate]] in [[Indonesia]], is completed as Portugal claims the [[Spice Islands]] (now the Maluku Islands).<ref>Charles Corn, ''The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade'' (Kodansha America, 1999) p. 57</ref>
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Battle of al-Shihr (1523)|Battle of al-Shihr]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] (in what is now [[Yemen]]): Troops from Portugal fight  against the [[Kathiri|Kathiri Sultanate]], ruled by the Emir Mutran bin Mansur. After a battle of one day, the Portuguese sack the capital, [[Al-Shihr]], and establish a port on the Indian Ocean. 
* [[February 27]] &ndash; Captain Antón Mayor formally claims for Spain what is now [[Nicaragua]], after he arrives with [[Andrés Niño]] and other Spanish troops on the Central American coast at [[El Realejo]].<ref>"Francisco Hernández de Córdoba y la conquista de Nicaragua", by José Calvo Poyato 1988, in ''Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos'' (September 1988) p.8</ref>
* [[March 8]] &ndash; In Spain's [[Kingdom of Valencia]], a rebellion by the [[Brotherhoods of Mallorca]] is suppressed after two years, as the rebels surrender their capital, [[Palma de Mallorca]], to Spanish and German troops.<ref>Ferran Valls i Taberner and Ferran Soldevila, ''Història de Catalunya'' (Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2002) p.371-372</ref>
* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[Frederick I of Denmark|Frederick I]] is provisionally declared as King of Denmark by Danish nobles at [[Viborg, Denmark|Viborg]], although loyalists at [[Copenhagen]] refuse to recognize his claim to the throne. Christian II, 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523.<ref name=Danmark>[https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/christian-2-1481-1559/  Christian 2., 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523"], danmarkshistorien.dk</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash; Under a plan organized by Sister  [[Katharina von Bora]] and Protestant reformer [[Martin Luther]], fish merchant Leonhard Köppe helps carry out the rescue of Von Bora and other [[Cistercians|Cistercian Catholic]] [[nun]]s from the Nimbschen Abbey in Germany near [[Grimma]] and [[Leipzig]]. On the day before Easter, Köppe arrives at the convent under the pretext of bringing delivering herring and other foods to the Abbey, then uses empty barrels to smuggle the nuns to [[Wittenberg]]. Von Bora will later become Luther's wife.<ref>[https://lutheranreformation.org/history/katharina-von-bora-luther/ "Katharina von Bora Luther"], by Dr. Jack Kilcrease, LutheranReformation.org</ref><ref>Roland H. Bainton, ''Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther'' (Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1950) p.223</ref>
* [[April 12]] &ndash; The Spanish conquest of Nicaragua continues as [[Gil González Dávila]] and 17 other soldiers arrive at [[Lake Nicaragua]] and claim it for the Spanish crown, calling the freshwater source the ''Mar Dulce''. Gonzalez and 100 men with him have been welcomed by [[Nicarao (cacique)|Macuilmiquiztli Nicarao]], leader of the friendly [[Nicarao people]], to explore the area.<ref name=Melendez>Carlos Meléndez, ''Hernández de Córdoba: Capitán de conquista en Nicaragua'' (Editorial San Jose, 1976) pp. 59–64</ref> 
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Mirza Shah Hossein]], [[List of Safavid Grand Viziers|Grand Vizier of Persia]] since 1514, is assassinated in [[Qazvin]] (now in Iran) by Shia nobles of the Qizilbash sect, and replaced by [[Jalal al-Din Mohammad Tabrizi]].<ref>Roger Savory, ''Iran under the Safavids'' (Cambridge University Press, 2007)</ref>  
* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[Thomas More|Sir Thomas More]], noted for being a Catholic social philosopher and author of the 1516 novel ''[[Utopia (More book)|Utopia]]'', is appointed by King Henry VIII as the Speaker of the English House of Commons for the first parliamentary session since 1515. He serves until the Parliament adjourns on August 15.
* [[April 17]] &ndash; In Nicaragua, [[Diriangén]], ruler of the [[Mangue language|Chorotega]] speakers, stages an attack on the Spanish invaders led by González Dávila.<ref name=Melendez/> Having been warned by one of the Nicarao natives of the intended surprise attack, Spanish defenders on horses rout the Chorotega, but several of the Spaniards are wounded. The Spanish then decide to proceed no further inland.
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], brings the [[Spanish Inquisition]] to the Netherlands with the appointment of Frans Van der Hulst as the inquisitor general of the [[Seventeen Provinces]], which will later become parts of the Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the southern Netherlands.<ref>Herman J. Selderhuis and Peter Nissen, "The Sixteenth Century", in ''Handbook of Dutch Church History'' (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014) p.189</ref>
* [[April 24]] &ndash; The [[Diet of Hungary]], parliament for the Kingdom of Hungary under [[Louis II of Hungary|King Lajos II]], passes a decree ordering the confiscation of property and execution of all followers of [[Martin Luther]] within the Kingdom.<ref>"Hungary", by David P. Daniel, "Hungary", in ''The Early Reformation in Europe'', ed. by Andrew Pettegree (Cambridge University Press, 1992) pp. 49–69</ref>
* [[May 6]] &ndash; In the [[Rhineland]] in Germany, the [[Knights' War]], led by [[Franz von Sickingen]] since August 27, is finally put down at [[Landstuhl]] by troops of the Holy Roman Empire as the Nanstein Castle falls.<ref>"Sickingen, Franz von", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (11th ed.)(Cambridge University Press, 1911) p. 36</ref> Sickingen, mortally wounded in the final battle, dies of his wounds the next day.
* [[May 5]] &ndash; An assassination attempt is made against [[Sigismund I the Old|King Sigismund of Poland]], who is shot at while walking outside his residence at [[Wawel Castle]] overlooking [[Kraków]].<ref>" Zamachy w Krakowie" ("Assassinations in Krakow"), by Marek Żukow-Karczewski in "Magazyn Sobota" supplement to ''Gazeta Krakowska'' (October 1994)</ref>
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Andrea Gritti]] is elected as the new [[Doge of Venice|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Venice]], 13 days after the death of [[Antonio Grimani]].<ref>"Gritti, Andrea", by Gino Benzoni, in ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' (Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2002)</ref>
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Swedish War of Liberation]]: [[Conquest of Kalmar|The city of Kalmar in Sweden]], occupied by troops of [[Denmark]], falls to a Swedish Army force led by [[:sv:Arvid Gustafsson Västgöte|Arvid Västgöte]] after the city's magistrates agree to leave the northern gate of the city open.<ref name=Sundberg>Ulf Sundberg, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110916191718/http://www.smb.nu/index.php/krig-1521-1611/befrielsekriget-1521-1523 "Befrielsekriget 1521-1523"] ("The War of Liberation 1521-1523"), Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek, on Archive.org</ref>  Kalmar Castle surrenders on June 4. With the fall of [[Kalmar]], only [[Stockholm]] remains as a site of the Danish occupation.
* [[May 31]] &ndash; Following the [[Battle of Sincouwaan]] at sea between the ships of the [[Ming dynasty|Chinese Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Portugal]], the Malay ambassador to China reluctantly departs from [[Guangzhou]] to present letters to the Portuguese governors of the occupied [[Malacca Sultanate]], demanding the restoration of the deposed Sultan. Though fearing execution by the Portuguese, the messengers are allowed to leave. They return in September with a plea for help from the Malay Sultan, whose territory is under attack from the Europeans.<ref name=Chang>Tien Tse Chang, (1978), ''Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources'' (E. J. Brill, 1969) pp.59-60</ref>
* [[May]] &ndash; The [[Ningbo incident]]: Two rival trade delegations from Japan feud in the Chinese city of [[Ningbo]], resulting in the pillage and plunder of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goodrich |first1=L. Carrington |last2=Fang |first2=Chaoying |title=Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644 |date=1976 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-03801-0 |pages=1231–1232 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofming0002asso/page/1232/mode/2up?q=may |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Santhome Church]] is established by Portuguese explorers over the tomb of [[Saint Thomas the Apostle]] at [[Madras]] (now Chennai) in [[India]].
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav Vasa]] is elected [[king of Sweden]], finally establishing the full independence of [[Sweden]] from [[Denmark]], which marks the end of the [[Kalmar Union]]. This event is also traditionally considered to be the establishment of the modern Swedish nation.<ref>{{cite book|title=The World Factbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d11RAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA463|year=1997|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|pages=463}}</ref>
* [[June 10]] &ndash; Frederick begins the 8-day [[:da:Københavns belejring (1523)|siege of Copenhagen]], the capital of Denmark. The city surrenders on 6 January 1524.<ref name=Danmark/>
* [[June 12]]&ndash;[[July 19]] &ndash; [[Franconian War]]: The [[Swabian League]] destroys 23 [[Robber baron (feudalism)|robber baron]] castles.<ref>"Der Fränkische Krieg 1523 und die Schuld der Sparnecker" ("The Franconian War 1523 and the guilt of Sparnecker"), by B. von Reinhardt Schmalz, in ''Archiv für die Geschichte von Oberfranken'' ("Archive for the history of Upper Franconia") No. 85 (2005) p. 151</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brandi |first1=Karl |title=Deutsche Reformation und Gegenreformation |date=1927 |publisher=Quelle & Meyer |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI8fAAAAMAAJ&q=%2223%20juli%201523%22 |access-date=28 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Swedish War of Liberation]]: The surrender of [[Conquest of Stockholm|Stockholm]] by Denmark is accepted by Sweden's King Gustav Vasa.<ref name=Sundberg/> In return, the city's defenders are allowed safe passage out of Sweden. King Gustav then makes his triumphant entry to the city on June 24.
* [[June 23]] &ndash; The Spanish expedition into Nicaragua ends as the Europeans arrive back in [[Panama]] in [[canoe]]s, having been forced to abandon their ships.<ref name=Melendez/>
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Pargali Ibrahim Pasha]] is appointed as [[List of Ottoman grand viziers|Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]] by [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>Ebru Turan, "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire" ''Turcica'' (2009) pp. 6–9</ref> He will serve as the Ottoman administrator for almost 13 years until his sudden arrest and execution in 1536.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos]] become the first [[Lutheran]] martyrs, burned at the stake in [[Brussels]] at the [[Grand-Place|Grote Markt]].<ref name="JAE"/> In response to the executions, Martin Luther composed a hymn called "A New Song Be By Us Begun".
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[Wijerd Jelckama]], a [[Frisians|Frisian]] warlord and military commander, is executed in [[Leeuwarden]], ending the Frisian rebellion fought by the [[Arumer Black Heap]].
* [[July 25]] &ndash; In what is now Mexico, the conquistador [[Gonzalo de Sandoval]] founds the city of [[Colima City|Colima]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Santos Protomártir |first=Vaquero |title=El esforzado Capitán Gonzalo de Sandoval |publisher=Revista de Estudios Extremeños |year=2020 |pages=Tomo LXXVI, N.º II, pp. 243–307}}</ref>
* [[July 29]] &ndash; The Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Treaty of Worms to remove Venice from the [[Italian War of 1521–1526|Italian War]] that has gone for two years.<ref>John Julius Norwich, ''A History of Venice'' (Vintage Books, 2003) p.439</ref>
* c. July &ndash; [[Martin Luther]]'s translation of the [[Pentateuch]] into [[German language|German]] (''{{lang|de|Das allte Testament Deutsch}}'') is published by [[Melchior Lotter|Melchior Lotter Jr.]] in [[Wittenberg]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sæbø |first1=Magne |last2=Brekelmans |first2=Christianus |last3=Haran |first3=Menahem |last4=Fishbane |first4=Michael A. |last5=Ska |first5=Jean Louis |last6=Machinist |first6=Peter |title=Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation: II: From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment |date=1996 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=978-3-525-53982-8 |page=397 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMlT-FViF40C&dq=%22july+1523%22+martin+luther+Das+alte+Testament+Deutsch&pg=PA397 |access-date=28 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 22]] &ndash; [[Lucien, Lord of Monaco|Lucien Grimaldi]], [[Lord of Monaco]], is assassinated by his nephew at the [[Prince's Palace of Monaco|Prince's Palace]].<ref>Françoise de Bernardy, ''The Princes of Monaco'' (Arthur Barker Ltd., 1961)</ref> Bartolomeo Doria di Dolceaqua, the son of Lucien's sister Francesca, kills his uncle and then has his men drag the monarch's body down the palace stairs in front of a horrified crowd, who drive the Doria family out of the small principality. Lucien had become the ruler in 1505 after stabbing to death his brother, [[Jean II, Lord of Monaco|Jean II]]. Lucien's heir is his 8-month-old son, [[Honoré I, Lord of Monaco|Honoré]]; Lucien's brother [[Augustine Grimaldi]] becomes the regent during Honoré's minority.
* [[September 14]] &ndash; [[Pope Adrian VI]], the last Dutch person to serve as head of the Roman Catholic Church, dies at age 64 after a reign of 21 months. For the next 455 years, all Popes elected will be Italian-born until the election of Karol Wojtyla of Poland in 1978 as [[Pope John Paul II]].
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Spanish conquest of Nicaragua]]: An agreement is made for an expedition by ''[[conquistador]]es'' into [[Nicaragua]] organized by [[Pedro Arias Dávila|Pedrarias Dávila]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Werner |first1=Patrick S. |title=Los reales de minas de la Nicaragua colonial y la cuidad perdida de Nueva Segovia |date=1996 |publisher=Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YK8gAQAAIAAJ&q=%2222+de+septiembre%22 |access-date=28 July 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* [[September 23]] &ndash; After receiving word from Malaya that Portuguese forces were attacking the [[Patani Kingdom|Sultanate of Patani]] and the [[Malacca Sultanate]] on the Malaysian peninsula, the [[Ming dynasty|China's Emperor]] [[Zhengde Emperor|Zhengde]] orders extermination of all persons from Portugal, 23 envoys from Portugal are executed and mutilated.<ref name=Chang/>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[1523 papal conclave|A conclave of 32 cardinals]] begins deliberations in Rome to elect a successor to the late Pope Adrian VI. Three other cardinals arrive on October 6 and balloting begins for a new Pope. [[Niccolò Fieschi]] and Bernardino López de Carvajal y Sande fail to receive the necessary majority in initial balloting, and Gianmaria del Monte comes within one vote (26 votes) of being elected. Voting continues for seven weeks before Cardinal Giulio de Medici wins 27 votes.<ref>Frederic J. Baumgartner, ''Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) pp.98-101</ref>
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Hürrem Pasha]], the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s Governor-General of the [[Damascus Eyalet]] (which includes parts of what will become Syria, Israel, Jordan and Palestine) begins a punitive expedition through Lebanon against the [[Druze]] of [[Chouf]]. During the first campaign, Hürrem's troops burn 43 villages and kill at least 400 Druze.<ref>Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn, ''Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575-1650'' (American University of Beirut, 1985) p.77</ref>
* [[November 19]] &ndash; Following the September 14 death of [[Pope Adrian VI]], Cardinal Giulio de' Medici is elected 219th [[pope]] as [[Pope Clement VII|Clement VII]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Desiderius Erasmus|title=The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 1356 to 1534, 1523 to 1524: Letters 1356 to 1534, 1523 to 1524|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYVEgXbiunkC&pg=PA163|date=1 January 1974|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-5976-5|pages=163–}}</ref> The election of Cardinal Medici begins an unbroken reign of 44 consecutive Italian Popes over the next 455 years. 
* [[November 26]] &ndash; At Santa Maria in Via Lata, [[Marco Cornaro (cardinal)|Cardinal Marco Cornaro]] carries out the [[Papal coronation|coronation of]] [[Pope Clement VII|Pope Clement]] at the church of [[Santa Maria in Via Lata]] in [[Rome]].
* [[December 6]] &ndash; Setting off from the Mexican Aztec capital of [[Tenochtitlan]] with an army of 550 Spanish soldiers and 120 horses, [[Gómez de Alvarado#Campaigns in New Spain|Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras]] begins the [[Spanish conquest of Guatemala]].<ref>Florine Asselbergs, '' Conquered Conquistadors: The Lienzo de Quauhquechollan, A Nahua Vision of the Conquest of Guatemala'' (University Press of Colorado, 2008) pp. 87–97</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Ming dynasty]] Chinese navy captures two Western ships with [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] [[Breech-loading weapon|breech–loading]] [[culverin]]s aboard, which the Chinese call a ''fo–lang–ji'' (Frankish culverin). According to the ''Ming Shi'', these cannons are soon presented to the [[Jiajing Emperor]] by Wang Hong, and their design is copied in [[1529]].<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Keay|author-link=John Keay|publisher=HarperPress|isbn=9780007221776|publication-place=London|title=China: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465015801|year=2008|id=0007221770|quote=The 'breech-loading culverins presented at the Ming court in 1522' were a gift from the Portuguese; and Portuguese arquebuses were acquired in the 1540s by the Japanese, who copied and greatly improved them.|url-access=registration}}</ref>
* In northern Italy, a French army under [[Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet|Guillaume Gouffier]] tries to recover [[Milan]] but fails due to an offensive by Spanish, Imperial and English troops and they retreat in mid-November.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mallett |first1=Michael Edward |title=The Italian Wars, 1494-1559 : war, state and society in early modern Europe |date=2012 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0-582-05758-6 |pages=146–147 |url=https://archive.org/details/italianwars149410000mall/page/146/mode/2up?q=urbino |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>