Editing 1531 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Schlacht bei Kappel.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[October 11]]: [[Second War of Kappel]]]]
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 15]] &ndash; The third session of the Reformation Parliament of King Henry VIII of England is opened. 
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[1531 Lisbon earthquake]]: More than 30,000 people are killed in [[Portugal]] in an earthquake and subsequent [[tsunami]].<ref>{{cite book|author=[[T. D. Kendrick|Thomas Downing Kendrick]]|title=The Lisbon Earthquake|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOMAAAAAMAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Lippincott|page=144}}</ref>
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] princes in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] form an alliance known as the [[Schmalkaldic League]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McEntegart |first1=Rory |title=Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation |date=2002 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |isbn=978-0-86193-255-9 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfinGbNlWq4C&q=%2227+february%22&pg=PR7 |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Herzog |first1=Johann Jakob |title=Real-encyklopädie für protestantische theologie und kirche: In verbindung mit vielen protestantischen theologen und gelehrten |date=1857 |publisher=R. Besser |page=390 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QwtAAAAYAAJ&dq=Lutherische+F%C3%BCrsten,+Heiliges+R%C3%B6misches+Reich,+Schmalkaldischer+Bund+%E2%80%9E27.+Februar+1531%E2%80%9C&pg=PA390 |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[February]] or March &ndash; [[Battle of Antukyah]]: [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]] of the [[Adal Sultanate]] defeats the [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopian]] army.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Asiatic Quarterly Review |date=1905 |publisher=Oriental Institute |page=445 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxgoAAAAYAAJ&dq=Battle+of+Antukyah&pg=PA335 |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[March 28]] &ndash; In India, the fortress of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], capital of the [[Malwa Sultanate]], falls as Malwa's [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)#Sultans of Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan Mahmúd II]] and his sons surrender to [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]].<ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{cite book |editor=James Macnabb Campbell |editor-link=James Macnabb Campbell |title=History of Gujarát |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm |series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |volume=I(II) |year=1896 |publisher=The Government Central Press |pages=254–257 |chapter=II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.) |access-date=2017-06-29 |archive-date=2018-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919123131/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm |url-status=live }}}}</ref><ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.391-398</ref>
* [[March 31]] &ndash; King Henry VIII gives royal assent to numerous acts at the close of the session of the English Parliament, including the [[Poisoning Act 1530]] (providing for [[Death by boiling|boiling to death]] people convicted of poisioning other persons); the [[Vagabonds Act 1530]] (permitting licensed begging by certified disabled and elderly people); the [[Egyptians Act 1530]] to allow the expulsion of [[Romani people|gypsies]]; and the [[Bridges Act 1530]] for maintenance of bridges.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Raithby|editor-first=John|editor-link=John Raithby|title=The statutes at large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the union of the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=do1KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA89|volume=III. From Hen.VIII.A.D.1509-10.—To 7 Edw.VI.1553|year=1811|publisher=George Eyre and Andrew Strahan|page=89}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 12]] &ndash; In the [[Songhai Empire]] that rules most of West Africa and the [[Niger River]] valley, the Emperor [[Askiya Musa]] is assassinated by his brothers after less than two years on the throne. [[Askia Mohammad Benkan]] is enthroned the same day.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunwick |first1=John O. |title=Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʿdi's Taʾrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613, and Other Contemporary Documents |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-12822-4 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdEsWyzLnD8C&q=%2212+april%22 |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 16]] &ndash; The city of [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], Mexico, is founded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marley |first1=David F. |title=Historic Cities of the Americas |date=12 September 2005 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-57607-574-6 |page=288 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkTPEAAAQBAJ&q=16+april+1531%22&pg=PA288 |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[April]] &ndash; [[Battle of Puná]]: [[Francisco Pizarro]] defeats the native inhabitants of the island of Puná, off of the coast of what is now the South American nation of [[Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Burr Cartwright Brundage|title=Empire of the Inca|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZE_p5xbspBwC&pg=PA378|year=1963|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-1924-3|pages=378}}</ref>
* [[May 18]] &ndash; The third [[Dalecarlian rebellions|Dalecarlian rebellion]] in Sweden is settled on St. Eric's Day at Arboga in Denmark when [[Christian II of Denmark|King Christian II]] returns church bells, confiscated earlier to pay Denmark's debts, to the villages in rebellion.<ref>''The Historians' History of the World'', Volume 11, ed. by Henry Smith Williams (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1926) pp.286-287</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Linder |first1=Nils |last2=Rosén |first2=John |last3=Westrin |first3=Theodor |last4=Olsson |first4=Bror Ferdinand |last5=Meijer |first5=Bernhard |title=Nordisk familjebok: konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi, innehållande upplysningar och förklaringar om märkvärdiga namn, föremål och begrepp |date=1880 |publisher=Expeditionen af Nordisk familjebok |pages=816–817 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcNFAQAAMAAJ&dq=tredje+dalaupproret+maj+1531&pg=PA815 |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=sv}}</ref>
* [[May 27]] &ndash; (11th waxing of Nayon 893 ME) [[Minkhaung of Mrauk-U]], the Burmese [[List of Burmese monarchs#Mrauk-U (1429–1785)|King of Arakan]] since 1521, is killed in a coup d'etat by the rebellious Governor of [[Thandwe]], [[Min Bin|Min Pa]].<ref>''[[Rakhine Razawin Thit]]'' (Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 29)</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=Harvey| first=G. E.| title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824| publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd| year=1925| page=140| location = London}}</ref> 
* [[June 24]] &ndash; The city of [[San Juan del Río]], Mexico, is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historia |url=https://www.sanjuandelrio.gob.mx/index.php/municipio/historia |website=www.sanjuandelrio.gob.mx |access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 25]] &ndash; The city of [[Santiago de Querétaro]], Mexico is founded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cubas |first1=Antonio García |title=Diccionario geográfico, histórico y biográfico de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos |date=1890 |publisher=Murguia |page=400 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBorAQAAMAAJ&dq=Ciudad+de+Quer%C3%A9taro+%2225+de+julio+de+1531%22&pg=PA400 |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* [[August 22]] &ndash; [[Battle of Obertyn]]: The [[Moldavia]]ns are defeated by [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Polish]] forces under [[Jan Tarnowski]], allowing the Poles to recapture [[Pokucie]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Constantin C. Giurescu|author2=Horia C. Matei|author3=Marcel D. Popa|title=Chronological History of Romania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zvq2AAAAIAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Editura enciclopedică română, National Commission of the Socialist Republic of Romania for UNESCO|page=100}}</ref>
* [[August 26]] &ndash; [[Comet Halley]] achieves its [[perihelion]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Ganganatha Jha Research Institute|title=The Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpJjAAAAMAAJ|year=1946|publisher=Honorary Secretary, Ganganatha Jha Research Institute|page=20}}</ref>
* [[September 15]] &ndash; The first [[List of parliaments of Ireland|Parliament of Ireland]] in more than nine years is opened at [[Kilkea Castle]], near [[Castledermot]], [[County Kildare]], and continues until its adjournment on October 31.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Curtis|first1=Edmund|last2=McDowell|first2=Robert Brendan|title=Irish historical documents, 1172-1922|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhRCAAAAIAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Barnes & Noble|page=73|isbn=978-0-416-03360-1 }}</ref>
* [[September 16]] &ndash; (5th waxing of Thadingyut 893 ME) In Burma (now [[Myanmar]]), the formal coronation of General Min Pa as King [[Min Bin]] of Arakan takes place in the Arakan capital, [[Mrauk U]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sandamala Linkara |first=Ashin |title=[[Rakhine Razawin Thit|Rakhine Yazawinthit Kyan]] |year= 1931 |edition=1997–1999 |publisher=Tetlan Sarpay |language=Burmese |volume=1–2 |location=Yangon}}</ref>
* [[September 24]] &ndash; At the age of 35, [[Gustav Vasa|King Gustav I Vasa]] of [[Sweden]] is married for the first time, taking [[Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg]] as his bride on her 18th birthday.<ref>Katarina, urn:sbl:12404, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Ivan Svalenius), hämtad 2016-12-26.</ref>

=== October&ndash;December === 
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Battle of Kappel]]: The forces of [[Zürich]] are defeated by the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] cantons. [[Huldrych Zwingli]], the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss]] religious reformer, is killed.<ref name=Walt>{{cite book|author=B. J. Van der Walt|title=Anatomy of Reformation: Flashes and Fragments of a Reformational Worldview|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xg2JAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education|isbn=978-1-86822-036-6|page=115}}</ref>
* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[Battle of Amba Sel]]: [[Imam]] [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]] again defeats the army of [[Dawit II]], [[Emperor of Ethiopia]]. The southern part of [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]] thus falls under Imam Ahmad's control.
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]]`s invasion force arrives in [[Oslo]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Heise |first=Arnold |author-link=Arnold Heise |title= Christian II |url=https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/4/0934.html |journal=[[Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon]] |year=1916 |volume=4 | edition=2 |pages=886–890 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockhart |first1=Paul Douglas |title=Denmark, 1513-1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy |date=23 August 2007 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-153382-2 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3A9REAAAQBAJ&dq=Christian+II+oslo+%22november+1531%22&pg=PA22 |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 9]] &ndash; The [[Virgin of Guadalupe]] first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hastings |first1=Adrian |title=A World History of Christianity |date=5 July 2000 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-4875-8 |page=342 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kL5-5Z2QGFsC&dq=Juan+Diego+Tepeyac+Our+Lady+of+Guadalupe+%229+december+1531%22&pg=PA342 |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mong |first1=Ambrose |title=Our Lady of Guadalupe: model of inculturation |journal=International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church |date=2 January 2018 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=67–83 |doi=10.1080/1474225X.2018.1493764 |s2cid=149488177 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1474225X.2018.1493764 |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=en |issn=1474-225X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[December 12]] &ndash; [[Mary, mother of Jesus]], in the guise of [[Our Lady of Guadalupe]], appears imprinted on the [[tilmàtli]] of [[Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin]], an [[Aztec]] convert to Catholicism, in Tepeyac near Mexico City.<ref>{{cite book |title=Literatura mexicana |date=1990 |publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Centro de Estudios Literarios |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvMoAQAAIAAJ&q=%20%2212%20de%20diciembre%20de%201531%22 |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=es}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Andrea Alciato]] publishes ''[[Emblemata]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alciato at Glasgow: Alciato, Andrea: Emblematum liber (1531) |url=https://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/alciato/books.php?id=A31a |website=www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk |access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref>
* [[Conquistador]] [[Francisco de Montejo]] claims [[Chichen Itza]] as capital of Spanish-ruled [[Yucatán Peninsula|Yucatán]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rough Guide to Cancun and the Yucatan: Includes the Maya Sites of Tabasco & Chiapas |date=1 September 2011 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4053-8260-1 |page=275 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUhjq3Q61YYC&dq=yucatan+Francisco+de+Montejo+Chichen+Itza+%221531%22&pg=PA275 |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[University of Sarajevo]] is founded by [[Gazi Husrev-beg]] based on [[Sufism|Sufi]] philosophy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dizdar |first1=Srebren |title=A Development and Perspectives of Teacher Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina |date=1998 |publisher=Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports |isbn=978-9958-11-061-0 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYWcAAAAMAAJ&q=University+of+Sarajevo+Gazi+Husrev+Bey+%221531%22 |access-date=11 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kõpu Lighthouse]] is completed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kõpu Lighthouse |url=https://heritage.iala-aism.org/lighthouses/kopu-lighthouse/ |website=IALA Heritage |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ebelt |first1=Thomas |title=Lighthouses of Europe |date=15 November 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-5875-4 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZNyDwAAQBAJ&dq=K%C3%B5pu+Lighthouse+%221531%22&pg=PA35 |access-date=11 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* A severe drought in [[Henan]] province, China, coupled with a gigantic swarm of [[locust]]s in the summer, forces many in destitute agricultural communities to turn to [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] to avoid dying by starvation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brook |first1=Timothy |title=The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China |date=1998 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22154-3 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuMcHWWbXqMC&dq=cannibalism+henan+drought+locusts+%221531%22&pg=PA104 |access-date=11 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] abolishes the worst abuses of the [[encomienda]] system, by pressure of [[Bartolomé de las Casas]].
* A [[witch-hunt]] is conducted in the town of [[Schiltach]], Germany.
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* In present-day Czech Republic, the Zástřizl family held [[Bohdalice]] and Pavlovice from 1413 until 1531.<ref name="Maňhalová">{{cite book|last=Maňhalová|first=Dagmar|title=Z dějin Bohdalic - 666. let od první písemné zmínky o obci|date=2003|publisher=OÚ Bohdalice|language=cs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Noga|first=Karel|date=2001-01-01|title=Z minulosti tvrze a zámku v Bohdalicích|language=Czech|pages=71–72|work=Vyškovský sborník II|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96633938|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref>