Editing 1539 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; [[Giannandrea Giustiniani Longo]] is elected two a two year term as [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]] in Italy, succeeding [[Giovanni Battista Doria]].
* [[January 12]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Toledo (1539)|Treaty of Toledo]]: [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] (and [[Charles I of Spain]]) and [[Francis I of France]] agree to make no further alliances with [[Kingdom of England|England]]. The treaty comes after [[Henry VIII of England]]'s [[English Reformation|split with Rome]] and [[Pope Paul III]].
* [[January]] &ndash; [[Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1535–1541)|Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Naungyo]], [[Burma]]: The Toungoos decisively defeat the Hanthawaddys. 
* [[February 9]] &ndash; The first horse race is held at [[Chester Racecourse]], the oldest in use in [[Kingdom of England|England]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Hurley|title=Chester History Tour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isp5DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|date=15 May 2016|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-4456-5704-2|pages=2}}</ref>
* [[March 1]] &ndash; King Henry VIII of England summons Parliament to meet, with the session to start on April 28. 
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Askia Isma'il]], ruler of the [[Songhai Empire]] in [[West Africa]], dies after a reign of slightly less than two years and is succeeded by [[Askia Ishaq I]].
* [[March 30]] &ndash; [[Canterbury Cathedral]] surrenders, and reverts to its previous status of 'a college of secular canons.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 17]] &ndash; At [[Dresden]] in Germany, [[Henry IV, Duke of Saxony|Heinrich IV]] of the [[House of Wettin]], nicknamed "Heinrich der Fromme" (Henry the Pious) becomes the new [[List of rulers of Saxony|Duke of Saxony]] within the [[Holy Roman Empire]] upon the death of his older brother, [[George, Duke of Saxony|Georg der Bärtige]] ("George the Bearded").
* [[April 19]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Frankfurt (1539)|Treaty of Frankfurt]] is signed at [[Frankfurt-am-Main]] by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] on behalf of the Empire's Roman Catholic states, and the Lutheran theologian [[Philip Melanchthon]], representative of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] of Protestant German states.<ref name="hagenbach235">Hagenbach, p. 235.</ref> Effective May 1, the parties agree that no violent actions will be taken by either side against the other during a 15 month truce period.<ref>{{cite book |last = Hagenbach |first = Karl Rudolph |authorlink = Karl Rudolf Hagenbach |title = History of the Reformation in Germany and Switzerland |year = 1879 |url = https://archive.org/details/historyreformat00hagegoog |others = trans. Evelina Moore }}</ref>
* [[April 28]] &ndash; The [[English Parliament]] meets for the first time since 1536, after being summoned by King Henry VIII as his seventh Parliament.
* [[May 5]] &ndash; The English [[House of Lords]] creates a committee, balanced between religious reformers and religious conservatives, to examine and determine doctrine, eventually forming the "Six Articles".
* [[May 25]] &ndash; The inaugural declaration of the [[Protestant Reformation]] takes place in [[Leipzig]] (now part of Germany) with [[Martin Luther]] present, as Duke Henry IV pledges to adopt [[Lutheranism]] as the official religion of make the [[Duchy of Saxony]].
* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de Soto]] lands at [[Tampa Bay]], [[Florida]] with 600 soldiers, with the goal of finding [[gold]]. He also introduces [[pig]]s into [[North America]]. 
* [[June 26]] &ndash; [[Battle of Chausa]] in modern-day [[Buxar]], [[India]]: [[Sher Shah Suri]] defeats the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor, [[Humayun]]  (Sher Shah goes on to form the [[Sur Empire]], and take control of nearly all Mughal territory).
* [[June 28]] &ndash; The [[Six Articles (1539)|Six Articles]], an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of England]], is given [[royal assent]] reaffirms certain [[Catholic]] principles in [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]'s [[Church of England]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=1539|title=The People's Chronology|editor=Everett, Jason M.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Lütfi Pasha]] becomes the new [[List of Ottoman grand viziers|Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire]] after being appointed by the Sultan [[Suleiman the Great]]  following the death of [[Ayas Mehmed Pasha]]
* [[July 18]] &ndash; The [[siege of Castelnuovo]] (now the town of [[Herceg Novi]] in [[Montenegro]]) is started by General [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]], leader of the Ottoman Empire's Army, after the Spanish commanding officer, [[Francisco de Sarmiento]], rejects an offer of honorable surrender with safe passage. Spain had taken the city in war from the Ottomans in 1538, giving the Christian Europeans control of the eastern Mediterranean sea and access to the [[Holy Land]]. With 50,000 Ottomans against less than 4,000 Spanish defenders, Castelnuovo falls in less than three weeks.<ref name=A&P>{{cite book |last= Arsenal|first= León|author2=Prado, Fernando |title= Rincones de historia española|year= 2008 |pages=26–34 |publisher= EDAF|isbn=978-84-414-2050-2|language=es}}</ref>
*The [[siege of Castelnuovo]] ends after 19 days and the deaths of as many as 20,000 of the Ottoman attackers. After the city falls, almost all of the surviving Spanish defenders are executed, including Spain's General de Sarmiento.<ref>{{cite book |last= Martínez Laínez |first= Fernando |author2=Sánchez de Toca Catalá |author3=José María |title= Tercios de España: la infantería legendaria |year= 2006 |publisher= EDAF |page=116 |location= Madrid |isbn=978-84-414-1847-9 |language=es}}</ref><ref name=A&P/>
* [[August 15]] &ndash; King [[Francis I of France]] issues the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêt]], that places the whole of [[France]] under the jurisdiction of the royal law courts, and makes [[French language|French]] the language of those courts, and the official language of legal discourse.
* [[August 17]] &ndash; The [[Revolt of Ghent (1539–1540)|revolt of Ghent]] begins in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] (now [[Belgium]]) as members of the city's [[guild]]s demand the right to choose their own leaders, and the resignation of the Spanish-sponsored city leaders. Within four days, the city is under the control of nine guild leaders.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arnade |first=Peter J. |title=Realms of Ritual: Burgundian Ceremony and Civic Life in Late Medieval Ghent |date=1996 |publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=200–202 |isbn=978-0-8014-3098-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mcKhLE4BF4C}}</ref>
* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Guru Angad Dev]] becomes the second Guru of the [[Sikhs]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] contracts to marry [[Anne of Cleves]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/210|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/210 210–215]}}</ref>
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg|Joachim II Hector]] introduces Lutheranism in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, becoming the second Prince-Elector after the Prince-Elector of Saxony to turn Protestant.
* [[November 26]] &ndash; Abbot Marmaduke Bradley and 31 monks sign the deed surrendering [[Fountains Abbey]] to the English Crown.<ref name=Coppack>{{cite book |last = Coppack |first = Glyn |title = Fountains Abbey |publisher = Amberley |date = 2009 |pages =11, 130 |isbn= 978-1-84868-418-8}}</ref>
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Juan Pardo de Tavera]], Archbishop of Toledo, begins his administration as the Grand Inquisitor of Spain.<ref>[http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1531.htm Biographical Dictionary of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church]. fiu.edu. Retrieved on 26 January 2012.</ref>
* [[December 15]] &ndash; In the Spanish colony of [[New Kingdom of Granada|Nueva Granada]] (now the Republic of [[Colombia]], Spanish conquistador [[Baltasar Maldonado]] and his troops fight a final battle at [[Duitama]] (now the [[Boyacá Department]]) against the indigenous armies of the [[Muisca Confederation]], led by [[Tundama]].<ref>[https://pueblosoriginarios.com/biografias/tundama.html "Tundama biography], PueblosOriginarios.com</ref>
* [[December 27]] &ndash; [[Anne of Cleves]] arrives in [[England]] in fulfillment of the October 4 contract for marriage to King Henry VIII and the payment of a dowry of 100,000 [[florin]]s to her brother. The Anne and Henry are married 10 days later, but the marriage is annulled on July 12.

=== Undated ===
* [[Protestant Reformation]]
** [[Lutheranism]] is forcibly introduced into [[Iceland]], despite the opposition of Bishop [[Jón Arason]].
** [[Beaulieu Abbey]], [[Bolton Abbey]], [[Colchester Abbey]], [[Newstead Abbey]], [[St Albans Abbey]], [[St Mary's Abbey, York]] and [[Hartland Abbey]] (the last) fall prey to the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in England.
** The first edition of the [[Calvinist]] ''[[Genevan psalter|Genevan Psalter]]'' is published.
* In [[Henan]] province, [[China]], a severe drought with swarms of locusts is made worse, by a major [[epidemic]] outbreak of the [[Black Death|plague]].
* The first printing press in [[North America]] is set up in [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Press in Colonial America|work=A Publisher’s History of American Magazines — Background and Beginnings|url=http://www.themagazinist.com/uploads/Part_4_Colonial_Printers_and_Papers.pdf|access-date=2013-08-22|archive-date=June 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627035434/http://themagazinist.com/uploads/Part_4_Colonial_Printers_and_Papers.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Teseo Ambrogio degli Albonesi|Teseo Ambrogio]]'s ''Introductio in Chaldaicam lingua, Syriaca atq Armenica, & dece alias linguas'', published in [[Pavia]], introduces several Middle Eastern languages to western Europe for the first time.</onlyinclude>