Editing 1544 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; In [[India]], [[Maldeo Rathore]], King of Marwar (now part of the state of [[Rajasthan]]) is tricked by counterintelligence spread by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] and Afghan Shah [[Sher Shah Suri]] into departing from [[Jodhpur]]. The [[Battle of Sammel]] begins shortly afterward and is won by the Afghan and Mughal armies.<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The Mughal Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 81-82</ref>
* [[January 13]] &ndash; At [[Västerås]], the estates of [[Sweden]] swear loyalty to King [[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav Vasa]] and to his heirs, ending the traditional electoral monarchy in Sweden.<ref>{{cite book |title=Skrifter utgivna av Institutet för rättshistorisk forskning: Rättshistoriska studier. Serien II |date=1951 |publisher=Nordiska bokhandeln |isbn=978-91-85190-28-7 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgspAQAAMAAJ&q=%2213%20januari%201544%22 |access-date=22 September 2023 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Medelius |first1=Hans |title=Himla många kungar: historier kring Den Svenska Historien |date=1993 |publisher=Nordiska museet |isbn=978-91-7108-338-8 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6cvWAAAAMAAJ&q=gustav+frankrike+%2213+januari+1544%22 |access-date=22 September 2023 |language=sv}}</ref> Gustav subsequently signs an alliance with the [[Kingdom of France]].
* [[January 24]] &ndash; During a solar eclipse visible over the Netherlands, Dutch mathematician and designer [[Gemma Frisius]] makes the first recorded use of a [[camera obscura]] and uses it to observe the event without directly looking at the Sun. Frisius writes about the event the next year and illustrates it in his book ''De Radio Astronomica et Geometrica'' (''Regarding rays of light in astronomy and geometry'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jongrepstad.com/pinhole-photography/pinhole-photography-history-images-cameras-formulas/|title=Pinhole Photography – History, Images, Cameras, Formulas|first=Jon|last=Grepstad|date=20 October 2015|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917104024/https://jongrepstad.com/pinhole-photography/pinhole-photography-history-images-cameras-formulas/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[February 20]] &ndash; The [[Diet of Speyer (1544)|Fourth Diet of Speyer]] is convened.<ref>{{cite book |title=Archiv Für Reformationsgeschichte |date=1964 |publisher=Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn |page=180 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXZUAAAAYAAJ&q=%E2%80%9E20.%20Februar%201544%E2%80%9C |access-date=22 September 2023 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Melloni |first1=Alberto |title=Martin Luther: Ein Christ zwischen Reformen und Moderne (1517–2017) |date=23 October 2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-049874-5 |page=379 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dME7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Vierter+Speyerer+Reichstag+%E2%80%9E20.+Februar+1544%E2%80%9C&pg=PA379 |access-date=22 September 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[March 7]] &ndash; Five Roman Catholic priests— [[John Larke]], [[John Ireland (martyr)|John Ireland]], [[Eltham, London|the vicar of Eltham]] and [[Robert Singleton (priest)|Robert Singleton]] are executed at [[Tyburn]], outside of London, in England after being convicted of participating in the [[Prebendaries' Plot]] to remove  [[Thomas Cranmer]], the Protestant  [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].<ref>[https://archive.org/details/onehundredfivema00tybuuoft ''The One Hundred and Five Martyrs of Tyburn'', Burns & Oates, Ltd., London, 1917]</ref>
* [[March 16]] &ndash; 
**The [[Battle of Glasgow (1544)|Battle of Glasgow]] is fought for control of Scotland between [[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox]] and the troops of the Regent, [[James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran]]
**[[Frederick II, Elector Palatine|Friedrich II]] becomes the new [[List of counts palatine of the Rhine|Elector Palatine]] of Germany's Rhineland within the [[Holy Roman Empire]] upon the death of his brother [[Louis V, Elector Palatine|Ludwig V]] at [[Heidelberg]].
* [[March 29]] &ndash; [[Royal assent]] is given by King Henry VIII to laws passed by the English Parliament, including the [[Third Succession Act]], the amended [[Treason Act 1543|Treason Act]] and the [[King's Style Act 1543|King's Style Act]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 11]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ceresole]]: [[Kingdom of France|French]] forces under the Comte d'Enghien defeat  forces of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], under the Marques Del Vasto, near [[Turin]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Desmond Seward|title=Prince of the Renaissance: The Life of François I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ro9ZAAAAYAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Cardinal|isbn=978-0-351-18234-1|page=236}}</ref>
* [[April 21]] &ndash; The Italian town of [[Agropoli]], frequently targeted by pirates from North Africa, is sacked by Ottoman raiders and 100 people are taken prisoner.
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford]], with an [[Kingdom of England|English]] army, captures [[Leith]] and [[Edinburgh]] from the [[Kingdom of Scotland]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Gervase |title=Strategy and Its Limitations: The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1480-1550 |journal=War in History |date=October 1999 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=396–416 |doi=10.1177/096834459900600402 |s2cid=159799137 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/096834459900600402 |access-date=22 September 2023 |language=en |issn=0968-3445|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Edward Seymour, Lord Hertford]], carries out the [[burning of Edinburgh]], capital of the Kingdom of Scotland, by the English Navy, then proceeds to destroy neighboring areas. 
* [[May 17]] &ndash; At [[Lima]], [[Blasco Núñez Vela]] takes office as the first Spanish Governor of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]], which encompasses most of what are now the nations of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, as well as the western part of Brazil.
* [[May 23]] &ndash; 
**The [[Treaty of Speyer (1544)|Treaty of Speyer]] is signed between the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the Kingdom of Denmark (which includes Norway). [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] agrees to recognize [[Christian III of Denmark|Christian III]] as the ruler of Denmark and Norway, and abandons further attempts to restore [[Christian II of Denmark|King Christian II]] to the throne. In return, Denmark and Norway agree to support the Habsburg monarchy in the Empire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Christensen |first=Thorkild Lyby |date=1969 |title=Scoto-Danish Relations in the Sixteenth Century: The Historiography and Some Questions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25528790 |journal=The Scottish Historical Review |volume=48 |issue=145 |pages=80–97 |jstor=25528790 |issn=0036-9241}}</ref> 
**The allied French and Ottoman navies depart from the French port of [[Marseille]] and travel to [[Constantinople]], the Ottoman capital. The French fleet is commanded by [[Antoine Escalin des Aimars]], known as Captain Polin, French ambassador to the Ottomans, while the Turks are led by Hayreddin Barbarossa.
* [[May 25]] &ndash; On orders of King Henry VIII, the English Navy, commanded by [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk]], begins crossing the [[English Channel]] to invade from the west with 19,000 troops, while [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], commences an invasion of  [[France]] from the east.<ref name=Potter>{{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=D. L. |title=Henry VIII and Francis I |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-20432-4 |pages=172–173 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004204324/Bej.9789004204317.i-562_006.xml |access-date=22 September 2023 |language=en |chapter=Chapter Four. ‘Fighting Over The Bear’s Skin’: The Invasion Of France (1544)}}</ref>
* [[June 4]] &ndash; A combined force of troops from the Holy Roman Empire and from Spain, both commanded by Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], defeat the French in the [[Battle of Serravalle (1544)|Battle of Serravalle]] after three days of fighting.
* [[June 8]] &ndash; The Duke of Norfolk crosses the English Channel after having landed troops in Normandy.<ref name=Potter/>
* [[June 24]] &ndash; The [[Sack of Ischia (1544)|plundering of the Italian island]] of [[Ischia]], part of the [[Kingdom of Naples]] is carried out by the Ottoman Empire Navy, commanded by [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]], who captures 4,000 of the residents and then sells them as slaves in Algeria.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 10]]&ndash; Troops of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] begin the six-week siege of [[Saint-Dizier]] in eastern France.<ref name=Rozet>{{cite book |last1=Rozet |first1=Albin |last2=Lembey |first2=J. F. |title=L'invasion de la France et le siège de Saint-Dizier par Charles-Quint en 1544 d'après les dépeches italiennes de Francesco d'Este, de Hieronymo Feruffino, de Camillo Capilupo et de Bernardo Navager |date=1910 |publisher=Paris Plon-Nourrit |pages=326–327 |url=https://archive.org/details/linvasiondelafra00rozeuoft/page/326/mode/2up?q=dizier |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Battle of the Shirts]]: The [[Clan Fraser of Lovat]] and Macdonalds of [[Clan Ranald]] fight over a disputed chiefship in Scotland; reportedly, five Frasers and eight or ten Macdonalds survive.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blar na Léine (BTL29) |url=https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/BTL29 |website=portal.historicenvironment.scot |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=George |last2=Anderson |first2=Peter |title=Guide to the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, Including Orkney and Zetland: Descriptive of Their Scenery, Statistics, Antiquities, and Natural History : with Numerous Historical Notices |date=1834 |publisher=John Murray |page=260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4tEAQAAMAAJ&dq=five+frasers+battle+of+the+shirts+%22july+1544%22&pg=PA260 |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[July 19]]&ndash; [[Italian War of 1542–46]]: King [[Henry VIII of England]] begins [[First Siege of Boulogne|the siege]] of the city of [[Boulogne]] in northern France and continues for almost two months before the city surrenders.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |title=Mémoires de la Société académique de l'arrondissement de Boulogne-sur-Mer |date=1886 |publisher=Société académique de l'arrondissement de Boulogne-sur-Mer |pages=371, 503 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoU2AAAAMAAJ&dq=Henri+VIII+boulogne+%2219+juillet+1544%22&pg=PA371 |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=Henry8844/>
* [[July 20]] &ndash; [[Albert, Duke of Prussia]] signs a deed granting land for creation of the [[University of Königsberg]].<ref name=Toppen/>
* [[August 17]] &ndash; 
** The [[University of Königsberg]] is inaugurated in Prussia.<ref name=Toppen>{{cite book |last1=Toppen |first1=Max |title=Die Gründung der Universität zu Königsberg und das Leben ihres ersten Rectors Georg Sabinus |date=1844 |publisher=University of Königsberg Publishing |location=Königsberg |pages=108–110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gglJ3XpoAcC&q=%2220%20juli%22 |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
** In France, [[Saint-Dizier]] surrenders to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] after a siege of more than a month.<ref name=Rozet/><ref name=Henry8844>{{cite web |title=Henry VIII: August 1544, 16-20 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol19/no2/pp36-54 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[September 14]] &ndash; The [[First Siege of Boulogne|siege of Boulogne]] ends as the city surrenders to King Henry VIII.<ref name="books.google.com"/>
* [[September 18]] 
**[[Peace of Crépy]]: Peace is declared between [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], and [[Francis I of France]]. The war between France and England continues.<ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Loch Mowat|title=The New Cambridge Modern History: Reformation, 1520-1559|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZrtAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=University Press|isbn=978-0-521-34536-1|page=392}}</ref>
** The expedition of [[Juan Bautista Pastene]] makes landfall in [[San Pedro Bay (Chile)|San Pedro Bay]], [[Zona Sur|southern Chile]], claiming the territory for Spain.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Juan Bautista Pastene: Primer almirande del mar chileno|journal=[[Revista de Marina]]|url=https://revistamarina.cl/revistas/1994/6/jbarriag.pdf|last=Barría González|first=Juan|year=1994}}</ref>
* [[September 22]] &ndash; Captain [[Juan Bautista Pastene]] leads the first European expedition to the estuary of [[Valdivia, Chile]] and [[Corral Bay]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Aguirre Cortes |first=Luis Enrique |date=2010 |title=De nuevas historias a nuevas ruralidades: El uso de las fuentes orales para el conocimiento de la localidad de Niebla - Valdivia  |url=http://cybertesis.uach.cl/tesis/uach/2010/ffa284d/doc/ffa284d.pdf |type=BA |chapter=Los Lafkenche y el “Descubrimiento” de Valdivia|pages=52–53 |publisher=Austral University of Chile |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[Second Siege of Boulogne]]: French forces under the [[Henry II of France|Dauphin]] assault [[Boulogne]], but are ultimately unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web |title=Henry VIII: October 1544, 7-10 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol19/no2/pp215-234 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[Rüstem Pasha|Rüstem Opuković Pasha]], son-in-law of the Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], is appointed as the new [[List of Ottoman grand viziers|Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]], replacing [[Hadım Suleiman Pasha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Casale |first=Giancarlo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf3h3Z1YQtIC&q=Rustem&pg=PA88 |title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration |date=2010-02-25 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199798797 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[Injong of Joseon|Crown Prince Yi Ho]] becomes the new [[List of monarchs of Korea|King of Korea]] upon the death of his father, [[King Jungjong of Joseon|King Joseon]]. Yi Ho reigns for eight months before being poisoned by his own mother, and is posthumously named as King Injong of Joseon.<ref>[[:ko:Annals of Race|Annals of King Injongsukheumhyo]], [[:ko:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty]] (National History Compilation Committee)</ref>  

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Mongols]], led by [[Altan Khan|Anda]], burn the suburbs of [[Peking]] in [[Ming dynasty|China]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=J.|title=History of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/penguinhistoryof00robe_0|url-access=registration|publisher=Penguin|year=1994|isbn=9780140154955 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the Year 1913 |date=1913 |publisher=Kelley & Walsh |location=Shanghai |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYGkRge3i3oC&dq=great+wall+of+china+%221544%22&pg=PA92 |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* After being asked by [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]], [[botanist]] [[Luca Ghini]] comes to the [[University of Pisa]] as the chair of [[botany]], where he had the year prior established the [[Orto botanico di Pisa]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=ENGELHARD |first1=DIETRICH VON |title=LUCA GHINI (1490-1556) IL PADRE FONDATORE DELLA BOTANICA MODERNA NEL CONTESTO DEI RAPPORTI SCIENTIFICI EUROPEI DEL SEDICESIMO SECOLO |journal=Ann. Mus. Civ. Rovereto |date=2011 |volume=27 |pages=227–246 |url=http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/4355_art08_vonengelhardt.pdf |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Storia |url=https://www.ortomuseobot.sma.unipi.it/storia-orto/ |website=Orto e Museo Botanico |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
* [[Rat]]s make their first appearance in [[South America]], arriving in Peru with the species [[black rat]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Donaldson |first1=Henry Herbert |title=The Rat: Reference Tables and Data for the Albino Rat (Mus Norvegicus Albinus) and the Norway Rat (Mus Norvegicus) |date=1915 |publisher=Wistar Institute Press |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U10vIOxNCL0C&q=%221544%22 |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explorers encounter the island of [[Taiwan]], and call it ''Ilha Formosa'' ("Beautiful Island").<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.nssa.us/journals/pdf/NSSA_Proceedings_2021_Spring.pdf#page=164 |title=Voyages to Ilha Formosa: A Multicultural Perspective |last1=Shen |first1=Virginia |date= 2021|page=163 |conference=National Technology and Social Science Virtual Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chow |first1=P. |title=The "One China" Dilemma |date=28 April 2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-61193-1 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctLGAAAAQBAJ&dq=taiwan+Ilha+Formosa+%221544%22&pg=PA38 |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
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