Editing 1601 (section)

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January–March ===
* [[January 11]] – [[Valladolid]] is briefly the capital of [[Habsburg Spain]] under [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]], before returning indefinitely to [[Madrid]] in 1606.
* [[January 17]] – [[Treaty of Lyon (1601)|Treaty of Lyon]]: [[Kingdom of France|France]] gains [[Bresse]], [[Bugey]] and [[Pays de Gex|Gex]] from [[Savoy]], ceding [[Saluzzo]] in exchange.
* [[February 8]] – [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex]], longtime favourite of Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]], begins [[Essex's Rebellion|a rebellion against the Queen]]. The revolt is crushed the next day. The Earl of Essex and [[Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton]] are arrested and charged with treason. Essex confesses to the plot and then implicates his co-conspirators. <ref>{{cite book|author=P. W. Hasler|title=The House of Commons, 1558-1603: Members, D-L|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gu-KW9Ie2BwC|year=1981|publisher=History of Parliament Trust|isbn=978-0-11-887501-1|page=17|language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 23]] – [[Michael the Brave]], [[List of rulers of Wallachia|Prince of Wallachia]], arrives in [[Prague]] to enlist the assistance of [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor]] in driving Ottoman troops out of Transylvania. Michael leaves on March 5, having received a pledge of Austrian troops to the fight. 
* [[February 25]] – The Earl of Essex becomes the first of the Essex's Rebellion participants to be executed. He is beheaded at [[Tower Hill]]. His co-conspirator, the Earl of Southampton, sentenced to death, but Queen Elizabeth commutes his penalty to life imprisonment; Southampton will be released two years later. 
* [[March 5]] – The treason trial for five secondary participants in [[Essex's Rebellion]] — [[Gelli Meyrick]], [[Henry Cuffe]], [[Christopher Blount]], [[Charles Danvers]], and Sir John Davies — is held in London. All five are found guilty. Meyrick and Cuffe are hanged at Tyburn on March 13, and Blount and Danvers are beheaded at Tower Hill on March 18. Davies is allowed to go free. 
* [[March 7]] – In India, Mughal Empire Prince [[Daniyal Mirza]], son of the [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]], is named the ruler of [[Khandesh]], after having completed the conquest of the sultanate of [[Ahmednagar]].
* [[March 24]] – [[Sigismund Báthory]], who had abdicated as [[Prince of Transylvania]] in 1599, returns as the leader of the invading Polish Army.

=== April–June ===
* [[April 3]] – At an assembly of nobles at [[Kolozsvár]] (now Cluj-Napoca in Romania), Sigismund Báthory is again proclaimed Prince of Transylvania.
* [[April 22]] – The first expedition of the [[East India Company]] sets sail from England for the [[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands]] with [[John Davis (explorer)|John Davis]] as pilot-major.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Voyage of the English East India Company, in 1601, under the Command of Captain James Lancaster|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol08chap10sect01.html|accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref>
* [[May 5]] – Dutch explorer [[Joris van Spilbergen]], leading three ships of the [[Compagnie van De Moucheron]], departs on his first expedition to Asia, departing from [[Veere]] with the ships ''Ram'', ''Schaap'', and ''Lam'' (Ram, Sheep and Lamb). After establishing trade in [[Sri Lanka]], Spilbergen and his crew return to the Dutch Republic in 1604.
* [[May 28]] – [[Sekigahara Campaign]]: Japanese warlord [[Date Masamune]] leads an unsuccessful attempt to take [[Fukushima Castle]]. 
* [[June 23]]
**[[Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)]]: The [[Battle of Kokenhausen]] is fought at [[Koknese]] in [[Livonia]] (now [[Latvia]]) after Swedish troops had invaded the Lithuanian territory). The [[Polish hussar]]s, commanded by [[Krzysztof "Piorun" Radziwiłł|Prince Krzysztof Radziwill]], overwhelm a numerically superior force of Swedish attackers led by General [[Carl Gyllenhielm]], and over 2,000 Swedish soldiers are killed. <ref>Claes-Göran Isacson, ''Vägen till stormakt - Vasaättens krig'' ("Road to Power: The war of the Vasa family") (Norstedts, 2006) </ref>
**[[Juan de Oñate]], the Spanish colonial administrator in what is now the U.S. state of [[New Mexico]], departs from [[Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico|San Gabriel de Nuevo Mexico]] with 130 Spanish soldiers and 12 priests on an expedition to explore the interior of the area.  <ref>Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint, ''The Coronado Expedition: From the Distance of 460 Years'' (University of New Mexico Press, 2003)  </ref>

=== July–September ===
* [[July 2]] – The Spanish expedition of [[Juan de Oñate]] reaches  the [[Canadian River]] on (the feast day of Biblical Mary Magdalena), in what is now Texas. <ref name=Hoig>Stan Hoig, ''Came Men on Horses: The Conquistador Expeditions of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado and Don Juan de Oñate'' (University Press of Colorado, 2013) pp. 221-230</ref>
* [[July 5]] – The [[Siege of Ostend]], which will last more than three years and claims more than 100,000 casualties for both Spain and the Netherlands, begins as [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Albert of Austria]], Governor General of the Habsburg Netherlands, leads an attack on the Dutch Netherlands fortress at [[Ostend]]. The Spanish forces eventually triumph on September 20, 1604, albeit in a [[Pyrrhic victory]] that will see at least 60,000 soldiers killed, wounded, or dead from disease. <ref>Anna E.C. Simoni, ''The Ostend Story: Early Tales of the Great Siege and the Mediating Role of Henrick Van Haestens'' (BRILL, 2021)</ref>
* [[July 22]] – General [[Yemişçi Hasan Pasha]] is selected as the new [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]] by Sultan [[Mehmed III]], 12 days after the death of Grand Vizier [[Damat Ibrahim Pasha]]. He served for only 15 months before being executed on the Sultan's orders on October 4, 1603.
* [[August 2]] – The Oñate expedition reaches the Rita Blanco River on the day of the Feast of the Porciuncula and follows it northward into Oklahoma. <ref name=Hoig/>
* [[August 3]] – The [[Battle of Guruslău]] takes place in Goroszlo in (now Guruslău in Romania), as [[Wallachia]]n troops led by [[Michael the Brave]] and [[Giorgio Basta]] defeat Transylvanian defenders commanded by [[Sigismund Báthory]]. Wallachia, assisted by Austrian troops from the Holy Roman Empire, retakes the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] from Ottoman rule. 
* [[September 2]] – [[4th Spanish Armada]] is sent; a fleet of 33 ships and 4,432 men, under the command of Admiral [[Juan del Águila]], departs Portugal after being dispatched to [[Ireland]] by [[Philip III of Spain|King Philip III]]. The Spanish fleet is intended to support an Irish rebellion led by [[Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone]] and [[Hugh Roe O'Donnell]] against the British.
* [[September 6]] – [[Pope Clement VIII]] issues a decree forbidding the publication of any [[litany]], except that of the saints as found in the liturgical books and the [[Litany of Loreto]]. <ref>"Litany", by Francis Mershman, in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (Robert Appleton Company, 1910)</ref>
* [[September 9]] – The [[siege of Nagykanizsa]], an Ottoman fortress in Hungary, is started by [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Ferdinand of Austria]] and lasts for more than two months before being abandoned. 
* [[September 11]] – Queen Elizabeth I summons her 10th, and last, meeting of the English Parliament.
* [[September 19]] – The Juan de Oñate expedition of Spanish explorers first encounters the indigenous [[Escanjaque Indians]] in what is now the U.S. state of [[Kansas]]. The Escanjaques ask the Spaniards to assist them in a war against a rival tribe, the Rayados. Instead, Oñate befriends the Rayados five days later. <ref name=Hoig/> 
* [[September 20]] – The [[siege of Székesfehérvár]], an Ottoman occupied Hungarian fortress, is completed by troops of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] after 16 days. <ref>''The Modern Part of an Universal History from the Earliest Account of Time, Vol. XII: History of the Othman Empire'' (S. Richardson 1759) p. 415</ref> The Ottomans will recapture Székesfehérvár a year later.
* [[September 28]] – The [[Escanjaque Indians]] attack Juan de Oñate's Spanish expedition as the Spaniards are returning from their furthest venture east, the Little Arkansas River. <ref name=Hoig/>

=== October–December ===
* [[October 2]] (September 22 O.S.) – [[4th Spanish Armada]]; a large Spanish fleet, with 4,500 soldiers led by [[Juan del Águila]], lands at [[Kinsale]] at [[County Cork]] in [[Ireland]], to assist [[Tyrone's Rebellion]].
* [[October 4]] – [[Claudine de Culam]], a 16-year-old girl in the French village of [[Rognon, Doubs|Rognon]], is hanged after being convicted of "carnal cohabitation with a dog". The dog is hanged along with her. <ref>A. F. Niemoller, ''Bestiality and the Law: A Resume of the Law and Punishments for Bestiality with Typical Cases from Fifteenth Century to the Present'' (Haldeman-Julius Publications, 1946)</ref>
* [[October 26]] – [[Johannes Kepler]], assistant to [[Tycho Brahe]], is suddenly promoted to the position of Royal Mathematician of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] after Brahe's sudden death. 
* [[October 27]] – The [[10th Parliament of Elizabeth I]] is opened by Queen Elizabeth of England. It serves until December 19.
* [[November 4]] – [[Cyril Lucaris|Cyril I]] is selected as the new leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church as [[Patriarch of Constantinople]] and [[Greek Patriarch of Alexandria]], succeeding [[Meletius I Pegas]], who died on September 12.
* [[November 18]] – Ottoman defenders commanded by [[Tiryaki Hasan Pasha]] successfully resist the Austrian siege of Nagykanizsa. 
* [[December 6]] – The [[Battle of Castlehaven]] is fought off of the coast of southern Ireland as six Spanish Navy ships led by General [[Pedro de Zubiaur]] are intercepted by an English fleet of four warships led and commanded by [[Richard Leveson (admiral)|Sir Richard Levenson]].  Two of the Spanish ships are sunk, and the other four are run aground. 
* [[December 19]] – The [[10th Parliament of Elizabeth I]] is adjourned. Another English Parliament will not be assembled until 1604 when summoned by James I. 
* [[December 24]] ([[Julian calendar]], used by the English; January 3, 1602, according to the [[Gregorian calendar]] used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle) – The [[Battle of Kinsale]] ends the [[siege of Kinsale]], [[Gaelic Ireland|Ireland]] (begun in autumn 1601).
* [[December 27]] – The [[Battle of Bantam]] is fought within what is now [[Indonesia]] off of the coast of the island of [[Java]], as Walter Harmensz leads five Dutch Republic galleons in a successful attack against a Portuguese fleet led by André Furtado de Mendonça.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] troops attack the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in [[Malacca]].
* Jesuit [[Matteo Ricci]] becomes the first European to enter the [[Forbidden City]] in Beijing, China, being invited by the [[Ming Dynasty]] Emperor.
* A rainy summer in the [[Tsardom of Russia]] causes a bad harvest, leading to the [[Russian famine of 1601–03]] which kills about two million people.
* Martin Möller is accused of [[Crypto-Calvinism]].</onlyinclude>
* Possible first performance of [[William Shakespeare]]'s tragedy ''[[Hamlet]]'', perhaps in springtime.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=166–168|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Edwards, Phillip|year=1985|title=Hamlet, Prince of Denmark|series=New Cambridge Shakespeare|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-29366-9|page=8|quote=Any dating of Hamlet must be tentative.}} Scholars date its writing as between 1599 and 1601.</ref>