Editing 1609 (section)

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
[[File:Avisa-Relation-oder-Zeitung.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[January 15]]: [[Avisa Relation oder Zeitung|''Avisa'']] newspaper begins publication.]]
* [[January 12]] &ndash; The [[Basque witch trials]] are started in [[Spain]] as the court of the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]] at [[Logroño]] receives a letter from the commissioner of the village of [[Zugarramurdi]], and orders the arrest of four women, including María de Jureteguía and María Chipía de Barrenetxea.<ref>Carmelo Lison Tolosana, ''Las brujas en la historia de España'' (Witches in the History of Spain) (Temas de Hoy, 1992) pp.89-94</ref>  
* [[January 15]] &ndash; One of the world's first [[newspaper]]s, ''[[Avisa Relation oder Zeitung]]'', begins publication in [[Wolfenbüttel]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Muhammad Riaz|title=Serials Management in Libraries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkmYYOYg-QYC&pg=PA5|year=1992|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-332-6|pages=5}}</ref>
* [[January 31]] &ndash; The [[Bank of Amsterdam]] is established.
* [[February 4]] &ndash; The last day of [[Keichō|Keichō 慶長 13]] (according to the [[Japanese calendar|Japanese lunar calendar]]).
* [[March 11]] &ndash; The Swedish Army, under the command of General [[Jacob De la Gardie]], begins marching east from [[Vyborg]] (at this time, part of the Swedish Empire, modern-day Russia) in order to defend the Russian Empire against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the course of the [[Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)|Polish–Muscovite War]]. 
* [[March 19]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Cape Rachado#Shipwrecks and excavation|Dutch warship ''Mauritius'']] sinks off the coast of the Cape of Cape Lopes Gonçalves on the modern-day West African nation of [[Gabon]]. The wreckage of the ''Mauritius'' will not be located until 375 years later, in [[1985]].
* [[March 24]] &ndash; Led by the Grand Hetman of Lithuania, [[Jan Karol Chodkiewicz]], the Lithuanian Navy breaks the blockade of [[Riga]] by sinking two Swedish Navy warships off the coast of [[Salacgrīva]].
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Johann Wilhelm]], the Roman Catholic Duke of the [[United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg]] in Germany, dies at the capital in [[Düsseldorf]] with no heirs. On April 2, his widow, Duchess Antoinette of Lorraine establishes a regency to determine who the successor will be, prompting the [[War of the Jülich Succession]] between the states of the [[Protestant Union]] and the states of the [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 4]]
** King [[Philip III of Spain]] signs an edict for the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from his country with effect from September 11.
** English explorer [[Henry Hudson]], in the service of the [[Dutch East India Company]], sets out from [[Amsterdam]] in the ''[[Halve Maen]]''.<ref name="Half Moon">{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Douglas|year=2009|title=Half Moon: Henry Hudson and the voyage that redrew the map of the New World|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|isbn=978-1-59691-680-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/halfmoonhenryhud00hunt}}</ref>
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Invasion of Ryukyu]] in Japan: Soldiers of the [[Shimazu clan]] capture the castle on [[Ryukyu Island]], beginning to make the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] a vassal of [[Satsuma Domain|Satsuma]] [[Han (administrative division)|Han]], but Ryukyu is still allowed to keep itself a [[tribute state]] of the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties.
* [[April 9]] &ndash; The [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] and [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] agree to the [[Twelve Years' Truce]] (which lasts until [[1621]]) in the [[Eighty Years' War]], with the signing of the [[Treaty of Antwerp (1609)|Treaty of Antwerp]], allowing the [[Dutch East India Company]] to trade within the Spanish Empire.
* [[May 20]] &ndash; London publisher [[Thomas Thorpe]] issues ''[[Shakespeare's Sonnets|Shake-speares Sonnets]]'', with a dedication to "Mr. W.H.", and the poem ''[[A Lover's Complaint]]'' appended; it is uncertain whether this publication has [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s authority.
* [[May 23]] &ndash; The [[Second Virginia Charter]] is officially ratified; it is intended to replace the council with a governor, who has absolute control in the colony.
* [[June 2]] &ndash; With the ''[[Sea Venture]]'' as its flagship, a fleet of nine English ships and more than 500 passengers altogether, departs from England to bring supplies to the English settlement in [[Jamestown, Virginia]]. The fleet runs into a storm in July and the ''Sea Venture'' is wrecked in the Bermuda islands on July 24.
* [[June 10]] &ndash; The [[War of the Jülich Succession]] begins as the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] and the [[Duchy of Palatinate-Neuburg]] sign a treaty at Dortmund and then send troops to establish Protestant Union rule in the Roman Catholic [[United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg]].
* [[June 16]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Tashiskari]] is fought as General [[Giorgi Saakadze]] of the [[Georgia (nation)|Georgian]] [[Kingdom of Kartli]] repels invading troops from the [[Ottoman Empire]] before they can capture [[Tbilisi]].
* [[June 29]] &ndash; A fleet of ships from the Kingdom of [[Spain]], assisted by a French warship, fights a battle in the Mediterranean Sea against a larger fleet of 23 ships from the North African [[Ottoman Tunisia|Eyalet of Tunisia]] and sinks 21 of them. The other two Tunisian ships are captured.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 4]] &ndash; French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] and his entourage of 60 men in 24 canoes become the first Europeans to enter [[Lake Champlain]], located between the modern-day U.S. states of [[Vermont]] and [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>"A Historical, Topographical & Agricultural Survey of the County of Washington", by Dr. Asa Fitch, in ''Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society: Report of the Executive Committee for 1848'' (New York State Agricultural Society, 1849) p. 882 ("Attended by some of the Mountain Indians, he left Quebec, May 28th, 1609... On the 4th day of July they entered Lake Champlain.")</ref> 
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Bohemia]] is granted freedom of religion by a '[[Letter of Majesty]]'.
* [[July 10]] &ndash; The German [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]] is formed in [[Munich]] by [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria]] to counteract the [[Protestant Union]]. Maximilian assembles representatives from [[Augsburg]], [[Konstanz]], [[Passau]], [[Regensburg]], and [[Würzburg]] in an alliance "for the defense of the Catholic religion and peace" within the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. 
* [[July 23]] &ndash; A three-day hurricane begins in the Caribbean Sea and separates the nine [[London Company]]'s ships and their 600 passengers who are ''en route'' to relieve the [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] settlement. One ship sinks, and the flagship is wrecked. Less than 300 settlers make it to Virginia. 
* [[July 25]]
**The ''[[Sea Venture]]'', flagship of the nine-ship fleet of the [[London Company]] is deliberately wrecked at [[Bermuda]] during a storm, as Admiral [[George Somers]] drives the ship into the reefs of Discovery Bay in order to prevent the ship from sinking. A group of 153 survivors stay, making the first English settlement of the island.<ref>James Horn, ''A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America'' (Basic Books, 2006) pp. 158–160</ref>
**After a fight on November 30 in [[Portuguese Macau]] between Japanese traders and Portuguese soldiers, Japan's ruling shogun, [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], strictly prohibits further trade between Japan and Portugal.<ref>C. R. Boxer, ''The Christian Century in Japan 1549–1650'' (University of California Press, 1951) p. 272</ref>
* [[July 30]] &ndash; At modern-day [[Crown Point, New York]], [[Samuel de Champlain]] participates in a battle between the [[Wyandot people|Huron]] and [[Iroquois]], shooting and killing two [[Iroquois]] [[Tribal chief|chiefs]]; this helps set the tone for French–[[Iroquois]] relations for the next 100 years.
* [[August 10]] &ndash; The Spanish galleon ''San Francisco'' sinks in a storm off the coast of Japan, with the loss of 56 men. Clinging to floating wreckage, the survivors are able to reach Yubanda, near [[Onjuku]] in modern-day [[Chiba Prefecture]].
* [[August 11]] &ndash; Four ships arrive at the colony of [[Jamestown, Virginia]], with almost 300 men, women and children, to bring supplies for the starving English colonists. They are followed days later by the other three ships remaining from the [[London Company]]. Most of the supplies, however, are spoiled by rain and seawater, and many of the passengers are ill with the bubonic plague.<ref>Lyon Gardiner Tyler, ''England in America, 1580-1652'' (Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1907) p. 63</ref>
* [[August 15]] (August 5 O.S.) &ndash; English astronomer [[Thomas Harriot]] becomes the first person to make a detailed drawing of the [[Moon]], based on his observations through a telescope.
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Galileo Galilei]] demonstrates his first [[telescope]] to [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] officials.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth R. Lang|title=The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4xDhVCxAQIC&pg=PA15|date=March 3, 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49417-5|pages=15|language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Henry Hudson]] is the first European to see [[Delaware Bay]].<ref name="Half Moon"/><ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/238|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/238 238–243]}}</ref>
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Henry Hudson]] enters [[New York Bay]], aboard the ''[[Halve Maen]]''.
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]]: Capt. [[George Percy (governor)|George Percy]] replaces Captain [[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]] as president of the Council, and Smith returns to [[Kingdom of England|England]].
* [[September 11]]
** [[Expulsion of the Moriscos]] from [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]] in accordance with the edict signed by Philip III on April 4.
** [[Henry Hudson]] in the ''[[Halve Maen]]'' sails into [[Upper New York Bay]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.insidetheapple.net/2008/09/new-yorks-many-911-anniversaries-staten.html|last=Nevius|first=Michelle|author2=James|title=New York's many 9/11 anniversaries: the Staten Island Peace Conference|work=Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City|date=September 8, 2008|access-date=2011-10-25}}</ref> and begins a journey up the [[Hudson River]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Juet|first=Robert|chapter=Juet's Journal of Hudson's 1609 Voyage|year=1625|title=Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes|volume=4|editor=Purchas, Samuel|editor-link=Samuel Purchas}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 12]] &ndash; A version of the rhyme ''[[Three Blind Mice]]'' is published in London.<ref>In ''Deuteromelia or The Seconde part of Musicks melodie''.</ref> The editor, and possible author of the verse, is the teenage [[Thomas Ravenscroft]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Iona and Peter Opie|first=Iona|last=Opie|author2=Peter|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=2nd|year=1997|isbn=0-19-860088-7|page=306}}</ref>
* [[November 19]] &ndash; [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Matthias of Austria]] is formally crowned in [[Budapest]] as Mátyás II, [[List of Hungarian monarchs|King of Hungary]], after having been appointed on June 26, 1608. 
* [[November 29]] &ndash; In Japan, a treaty is signed between Spanish nobleman [[Rodrigo de Vivero, 1st Count of Valle de Orizaba|Rodrigo de Vivero]], former [[Governor-General of the Philippines]] and the former shogun [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], for the establishment of a Spanish factory in eastern Japan. 
* [[December 8]] &ndash; One of the first [[public library|public libraries]], the ''[[Biblioteca Ambrosiana]]'', is opened in the Italian city of [[Milan]], founded by Cardinal Federico Borromeo. Unlike other reading rooms, the library houses its collection on shelves along the walls, rather than chained to reading tables.

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Dutch East India Company]] imports [[tea]] to Europe.
* The Dutch East India Company establishes a [[trading post]] in [[Hirado]], Japan.
* Dutch entrepreneur [[Isaac Le Maire]] devizes the concept of selling [[Short (finance)|short]] shares in order to benefit from a falling Dutch East India Company share price.<ref>Schoorl, H. (1968) ''Isaäc le Maire, koopman en bedijker'' Haarlem: Tjeenk Willink en zoon.</ref>
* [[Hugo Grotius]] publishes ''[[Mare Liberum]]'', his legal text on [[freedom of the seas]], in [[Leiden]].
* The [[Scrooby Congregation]] of Protestant [[English Separatists]] (predecessors of the [[Pilgrim Fathers]]) moves from Amsterdam to Leiden.
* [[Warsaw]] becomes the capital of [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jerzy Jan Lerski|author2=George J. Lerski|author3=Halina T. Lerski|title=Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTUTqE2difgC&pg=PA90|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-26007-0|pages=90}}</ref>
* The municipality of [[Buenavista, Marinduque|Buenavista]] in [[Marinduque]], [[Philippines]] is founded.
* The [[Statutes of Iona]] are passed, marking the end of the bloody feuds between the clans in the [[Scottish Highlands]].
* The [[Douay–Rheims Bible]] [[Old Testament]] translation from the [[Vulgate]] into English vol. 1 is published in [[Reims]].
* English-born Sister [[Mary Ward (nun)|Mary Ward]] founds the [[Sisters of Loreto]] at [[Saint-Omer]], at this time in the [[Spanish Netherlands]].
* [[Johannes Kepler]] publishes his first two [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion|laws of planetary motion]] in ''[[Astronomia nova]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexandre Koyré|title=The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus, Kepler, Borelli|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0YRAZz2yU0C&pg=PA438|date=January 1, 1992|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-27095-1|pages=438|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Cornelis Drebbel]] invents the [[thermostat]].
* "Egyptians" (i.e., [[Romany people]]) are expelled from the [[Kingdom of Scotland]].</onlyinclude>