Editing 1621 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 12]] &ndash; [[Şehzade Mehmed (son of Ahmed I)|Şehzade Mehmed]], the 15-year old half-brother of Ottoman Sultan [[Osman II]], is put to death by hanging on Osman's orders. Before dying, Mehmed prays aloud that Osman's reign as Sultan be ruined.
* [[January 18]] &ndash; The Dutch East India Company formally names its fortress at Jayakarta in Indonesia, calling it [[Jakarta|Batavia]]. Upon the independence of the Dutch East Indies as Indonesia in 1945, Batavia will be renamed Jakarta.
* [[January 22]] &ndash; The [[Tianqi (era)|Tianqi era]] begins in Ming Dynasty China, six months after Zhu Changluo becomes the [[Taichang Emperor]].
* [[January 24]] &ndash; Twelve days after the murder of Prince Mehmed on orders of Sultan Osman II, Constantinople is hit by bitter winter weather, leading to rioting by persons who believe that the punishment of Osman is the will of Allah. 
* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul V]] (Camillo Borghese) dies at the age of 70 after 15 years as Pontiff.
* [[January 29]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor]], declares the Elector of the Palatinate, [[Frederick V of the Palatinate|Frederick V]], to be a traitor to the Empire. 
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Papal conclave, 1621|Papal Conclave of 1621]]: [[Pope Gregory XV]] succeeds [[Pope Paul V]], as the 234th [[pope]].
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Myles Standish]] is appointed as the first commander of [[Plymouth Colony]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Mayflower: A Story of Community, Courage and War |last=Philbrick |first=Nathaniel |author-link=Nathaniel Philbrick |year=2006 |place=New York |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-311197-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qk9AXww_XysC|page=84}}</ref>
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Samoset]], a [[Mohegan]], visits the settlers of Plymouth Colony and greets them: "Welcome, Englishmen! My name is Samoset."
* [[March 22]] &ndash; The [[Pilgrim Fathers|Pilgrims]] of [[Plymouth Colony]] sign a peace treaty with [[Massasoit]] of the [[Wampanoag people|Wampanoag]]s.
* [[March 31]] &ndash; King [[Philip IV of Spain]] begins his 44-year rule.<ref>{{cite book|author=Claudio Monteverdi|title=The Letters of Claudio Monteverdi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBVL9_1__ioC&pg=PA227|date=31 October 1980|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-23591-4|pages=227}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 1]] &ndash; The [[Plymouth, Massachusetts]] colonists create the first treaty with native Americans.
* [[April 5]] &ndash; The ''[[Mayflower]]'' sets sail from [[Plymouth, Massachusetts|Plymouth]], on a return trip to England.  
* [[April 9]] &ndash; The [[Twelve Years' Truce]] between the [[Dutch Republic]] and the [[Spanish Empire]] expires, and both sides prepare to resume the [[Eighty Years' War]].
* [[May 2]] &ndash; The [[1621 Panama earthquake|Panama earthquake]] affects the [[Isthmus of Panama]], with an estimated magnitude of 6.9, and a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VII.
* [[May 12]] &ndash; The city of [[Tornio]] in [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]] is founded by King [[Gustavus Adolphus|Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]], becoming the northernmost city in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11927599|title=Kojamo-veistos yhdistää asiat, joista 400-vuotias Tornio elää: teräksen ja lohen – tutkija listaa 5 tapahtumaa, jotka ovat muuttaneet kaupunkia|website=YLE|date=May 12, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021|language=fi}}</ref>
* [[May 24]] &ndash; The [[Protestant Union]] is formally dissolved.
* [[June 3]] &ndash; The [[Dutch West India Company]] is founded.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nelson Greene|title=History of the Valley of the Hudson: River of Destiny, 1609-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPcLAAAAYAAJ|year=1931|publisher=S.J. Clarke Publishing Company|page=215}}</ref>
* [[June 21]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: [[Old Town Square execution|Twenty-seven Czech lords are executed on the Old Town Square]] in [[Prague]], as a consequence of the [[Battle of White Mountain]].
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Huguenot rebellions]]: [[Saint-Jean-d'Angély]] is taken, after a [[Siege of Saint-Jean-d'Angély (1621)|26-day siege]] by Royal forces.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 25]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Neu Titschein]]: Remnants of the Bohemian army temporarily hold off the Imperial advance in [[Silesia]].
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Huguenot rebellions]]: The French Protestant city of [[La Rochelle]] joins in the revolt by [[Benjamin, Duke of Soubise]].  
* [[August 22]] &ndash; [[Huguenot rebellions]]: [[Louis XIII of France]] [[Siege of Montauban|besieges the city of Montauban]], but is forced to abandon the battle by November 9.
* [[September 2]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Khotyn (1621)|Battle of Khotyn]] begins as a force of more than 120,000 Ottoman troops attacks the Moldavian city of Khotyn. Despite the Ottomans' numerical superiority, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth wins the battle and forces a surrender five weeks later. <ref name="Żółkiewski1959">{{cite book|author=Stanisław Żółkiewski|title=Expedition to Moscow: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQ1pAAAAMAAJ|year=1959|publisher=Polonica Publications|page=34|language=en}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 9]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Khotyn]] is signed between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], ending the [[Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21)|First Polish-Ottoman War]].<ref name="Żółkiewski1959"/>
* [[October 9]] (September 29 O.S.) &ndash; The [[Pilgrim Fathers|Pilgrims]] of [[Plymouth Colony]] and [[Wampanoag people|Wampanoag]]s celebrate a harvest feast (three days), later regarded as the ''[[Thanksgiving (United States)|First Thanksgiving]]'', noted for the temporary peace between the English and the local Indians. The celebration is believed by later historians to have coincided with [[Michaelmas]], observed on September 29 by the Anglican Communion on the calendar used in England at the time. 
* [[November 11]] &ndash; The ship ''[[Fortune (Plymouth Colony ship)|Fortune]]'' arrives at [[Plymouth Colony]], with 35 more settlers.
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: The [[Peace of Nikolsburg]] is signed between [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[Gabor Bethlen]], Prince of Transylvania. Bethlen agrees to renounce his claims to Hungary. In return Bethlen receives several counties and lands along the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire, and Moravia is granted religious freedom.
* [[December]] &ndash; The Dutch mathematician and astronomer, [[Willebrord Snel van Royen]] (1580–1626), reveals he has rediscovered the [[law of refraction]], also known as ''Snellius' law''.<ref name="Sarton1936">{{cite book|author=George Sarton|title=A Volume of Studies on the History of Mathematics and the History of Science: Presented to Professor David Eugene Smith on His 76th Birthday (Jan. 21, 1936)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddPuAAAAMAAJ|year=1936|publisher=Saint Catherine Press Limited|pages=724–725}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* The Venezuelan city of [[Petare]] is founded by Spanish conquistadors, as ''San Jose de Guanarito''.
* The Swedish city of [[Gothenburg]] is founded by King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Maurice Willmore Barley|author2=Council for British Archaeology|title=European towns: their archaeology and early history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLYnAAAAYAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Published for the Council for British Archaeology by Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-078850-7|page=117}}</ref>  The king also grants city rights to [[Luleå]], [[Piteå]] and Torneå ([[Tornio]]).  [[Riga]] falls under the rule of [[Sweden]].
* [[Tamblot]] rallies an unknown, large number of people in [[Bohol]], [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] to revolt against the [[Spanish Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Philippine Political and Cultural History: The Philippines Since Pre-Spanish Times|last=Zaide|first=Gregorio|year=1949|volume=1 |location= Manila |publisher=R.P. Garcia Publishing Company|pages=348}}</ref>
* The [[Dutch East India Company]] sends 2,000 soldiers, under the command of [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]], to the [[Banda Islands]], in order to force the local inhabitants to accept the Dutch trade monopoly on the lucrative [[nutmeg]], grown almost exclusively on those islands. The soldiers proceed to massacre most of the 15,000 indigenous inhabitants.
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