Editing 1622 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Merian Theatrum Europaeum Schlacht bei Wimpfen 1622.jpg|thumb|[[May 6]]: The [[Battle of Wimpfen]].]]
[[File:Schlacht bei Hoechst 1622 unbekannt.jpg|thumb|[[June 20]]: The [[Battle of Höchst]].]]
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=== January&ndash;May ===
* [[January 7]] &ndash; The [[Holy Roman Empire]] and [[Transylvania]] sign the [[Peace of Nikolsburg]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Pálffy |first=Géza |title=The Kingdom of Hungary in the Thirty Years War |date=2022-09-21 |work=The Princes of Transylvania in the Thirty Years War |pages=1–20 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9783657795222/BP000008.xml |access-date=2025-01-24 |publisher=Brill Schöningh |language=en |doi=10.30965/9783657795222_002 |isbn=978-3-657-79522-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[February 8]] &ndash; King [[James I of England]] dissolves the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Caldari |first=Valentina |title=James I and the Dissolution of the 1621 Parliament through Spanish Eyes |date=2018-10-19 |work=Stuart Marriage Diplomacy |pages=79–94 |editor-last=Caldari |editor-first=Valentina |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781787443358A017/type/book_part |access-date=2025-01-25 |edition=1 |publisher=Boydell and Brewer Limited |doi=10.1017/9781787443358.006 |isbn=978-1-78744-335-8 |editor2-last=Wolfson |editor2-first=Sara J.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[March 12]] &ndash; [[Ignatius of Loyola]], [[Francis Xavier]], [[Teresa of Ávila]], [[Isidore the Farmer]] and [[Philip Neri]] are [[canonized]] by [[Pope Gregory XV]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jesuits.eu/news/283-canonization-of-st-ignatius-of-loyola-and-st-francis-xavier |title=Canonization of St Ignatius of Loyola and St Francis Xavier. |last=de Pablo |first=José  |date=28 February 2017 |website=Jesuit Conference of European Provincials |language=en-gb |access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[Indian massacre of 1622|Jamestown massacre]]: [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]] natives kill 347 English settlers outside [[Jamestown, Virginia]] (one third of the colony's population), and burn the [[Henricus]] settlement. This begins the [[American Indian Wars]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-12 |title=Powhatan Uprising of 1622 |url=https://www.historynet.com/powhatan-uprising-of-1622.htm |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=HistoryNet |language=en-US | page=190}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 22]] &ndash; [[Hormuz Island|Hormuz]] is [[Capture of Ormuz (1622)|captured]] from the Portuguese, by an Anglo-Persian force.
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Mingolsheim|Skirmish at Mingolsheim]]: Protestant forces under [[Ernst von Mansfeld|Mansfeld]] and [[Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach|Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach]] defeat the Imperial forces under [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]]. The Protestants win, but afterwards Tilly links up with a [[Army of Flanders|Spanish army]] under [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1585–1645)|Gonzalo de Córdoba]], greatly increasing his strength.<ref>{{cite book|author1=George Gajecky|author2=Oleksander Baran|title=The Cossacks in the Thirty Years War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBkQAQAAMAAJ|year=1969|publisher=PP. Basiliani|page=65}}</ref>
* [[May 6]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: While waiting for the Protestant forces of [[Christian the Younger of Brunswick]] to join them, [[Ernst von Mansfeld|Mansfeld]] and [[Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach|Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach]] split up their forces as a diversion for the Imperial army of [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]]. Their plan fails, as Tilly manages to cut off Georg Friedrich at [[Wimpfen]]. At the ensuing [[Battle of Wimpfen]], Georg Friedrich's army is almost completely destroyed.
* [[May 13]] &ndash; The ''[[Eendracht (1615 ship)|Eendracht]]'', a [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] ship and the second recorded European ship to make landfall on Australian soil, is wrecked off the western coast of [[Ambon Island]], [[Dutch East Indies]].
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Sultan]] [[Osman II]] is strangled by rebelling [[Janissaries]], who revolted when they heard rumours that Osman II was planning to move against them.
* [[May 25]] &ndash; The English ship ''[[Tryall]]'', which left [[Plymouth]], England for Batavia (now [[Jakarta]]), wrecks on the [[Tryal Rocks]], nine months later (the wreck is discovered in [[1969]]).
* [[May]] &ndash; [[Huguenot rebellions]]: The [[Huguenot]] city of [[Royan]] is taken by royal forces, after a [[Siege of Royan|short siege]].
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Huguenot rebellions]]: The [[Huguenot]] city of [[Nègrepelisse]] is taken, after a [[Siege of Nègrepelisse|short siege]] by royal forces. The entire population of the city is subsequently massacred, and the city is burned to the ground.
* [[June 20]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: Imperial forces under [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]] attempt to prevent [[Christian the Younger of Brunswick]] from moving his army across the [[Main (river)|Main]] River, to link up with [[Ernst von Mansfeld|Mansfeld]]. At the [[Battle of Höchst]], Tilly manages to inflict considerable casualties on the Protestant forces, as well as seizing Brunswick's baggage train. Nonetheless, the bulk of Brunswick's forces manage to unite with Mansfeld.
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Dutch–Portuguese War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Macau]]: The outnumbered Portuguese forces successfully defend [[Macau]] from the Dutch fleet, keeping a Portuguese foothold in the Far East.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: After [[Ernst von Mansfeld|Mansfeld]] fails to relieve the siege of [[Heidelberg]], [[Frederick V of the Palatinate]] cancels Mansfeld's contract and disbands his army. The unemployed army of Mansfeld and [[Christian the Younger of Brunswick]] is subsequently hired by the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]].
* [[July 13]] or [[July 14]] &ndash; English and Dutch ships defeat the Portuguese, near [[Portuguese Mozambique|Portuguese East Africa]].
* [[July 18]] &ndash; [[Eighty Years' War]]: [[Bergen op Zoom]] is [[Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom (1622)|besieged]] by a Spanish army, under the command of [[Ambrogio Spinola]].
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: While on their way to relieve the [[Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom (1622)|Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom]] in the [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]], the army of [[Ernst von Mansfeld|Mansfeld]] and [[Christian of Brunswick]] is blocked by a Spanish army, led by [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1585–1645)|Gonzalo de Córdoba]]. In the [[Battle of Fleurus (1622)|Battle of Fleurus]], Cordoba manages to fight off the Protestant assault. The next day, Cordoba surprises the retreating Protestant army with his cavalry, resulting in the destruction of most of the Protestant army.
* [[September 5]] &ndash; [[Cardinal Richelieu|Armand Jean du Plessis]] becomes [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] Richelieu.<ref>{{cite book|author=R J Knecht|title=Richelieu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IkcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|date=9 January 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-87455-3|pages=16–}}</ref>
* [[September 6]] &ndash; Spanish treasure fleet sinks off [[Marquesas Keys]] in the [[straits of Florida]]. ''[[Nuestra Señora de Atocha|Atocha]]'', ''[[Santa Margarita (shipwreck)|Margarita]]'', and ''[[HMS Rosario (1588)|Rosario]]''<!--{{cn}}?--> are the most heavily laden treasure ships found in the 20th century.
* [[September 10]] &ndash; 55 Christians are executed in [[Nagasaki]] during the [[Great Genna Martyrdom]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roldán-Figueroa |first=Rady |url=https://brill.com/view/title/58436 |title=The Martyrs of Japan: Publication History and Catholic Missions in the Spanish World (Spain, New Spain, and the Philippines, 1597–1700) |date=2021 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-45806-2 |pages=13–34 [32] |chapter=Background: Catholic Missions in Japan |doi=10.1163/9789004458062}}</ref>
* [[September 19]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: [[Heidelberg]], the capital of the [[Electorate of the Palatinate]], is taken by the Imperial army of [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]]' after a three-month siege.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 2]] &ndash; [[Eighty Years' War]]: After a [[Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom (1622)|siege of 86 days]], [[Bergen op Zoom]] is relieved by a Dutch army led by [[Maurice of Nassau]] and [[Ernst von Mansfeld]].
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Huguenot rebellions]]: The first [[Huguenot]] rebellion ends, with the signing of the [[Treaty of Montpellier]].<ref name="Clarke2013">{{cite book|author=Jack A. Clarke|title=Huguenot Warrior: The Life and Times of Henri de Rohan, 1579–1638|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOLuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|date=29 June 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-017-1798-4|pages=107–}}</ref>
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Huguenot rebellions]]: The inconclusive [[Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré]] is fought between the [[Huguenot]] fleet of [[La Rochelle]], commanded by [[Jean Guiton]], and a royal fleet under the command of [[Charles, Duke of Guise|Charles of Guise]].
* [[November 2]] &ndash; After a siege of 13 days, the German city of [[Capture of Mannheim|Mannheim is captured from England]] by a force of Spanish and Imperial Holy Roman troops led by [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly]]. 
* [[November 25]] &ndash; King [[Christian IV of Denmark]] invites the [[Sephardic Jews]] of [[Amsterdam]] in the Dutch Republic to settle in the newly-built Danish town of [[Glückstadt|Lykstad]], promising them the free exercise of their religion without persecution. The city remains part of Denmark until 1864 until it is captured in the [[Second Schleswig War]] and is now part of Germany as Glückstadt.
* [[November 30]] &ndash; A fleet of 43 Dutch ships from Suriname attacks the [[Araya Peninsula]] in [[Venezuela]] in an attempt to halt construction of a Spanish fortress. The Spanish drive the Dutch away after six weeks of fighting, ending January 13, 1623.
* [[December 18]] &ndash; Portuguese forces with [[Imbangala]] allies score a military victory over the Kingdom of Kongo at the [[Battle of Mbumbi]] in modern-day Angola as part of the [[Kingdom of Kongo#First Kongo-Portuguese War|First Kongo-Portuguese War]].
* [[December 22]] &ndash; The Spanish colonial city of [[Bucaramanga]] is founded in the [[New Kingdom of Granada|colony of Nueva Grandada]] in what is now Colombia.

=== Date unknown ===
* Dutch ships under [[Jochem Swartenhont]], while escorting a [[convoy]], repel a Spanish squadron near [[Gibraltar]].
* Portugal loses control of the island of [[Ormus]], after 107 years.
* [[Albertus Magnus]] is beatified, and [[Teresa of Ávila]] is canonized, by the [[Roman Catholic Church]].
* ''[[Rosicrucianism]] furor'' breaks out in Paris.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sédir|first=Paul|title=Les Rose-Croix|location=Paris|year=1972|pages=65–66}}</ref>
* War between the Netherlands and Spain recommences, after the [[Twelve Years' Truce]] (1609–1621).
* The [[Golden Horn]] freezes.
* First record of bottled spring water in England at [[Holy Well, Malvern]].
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