Editing 1631 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: [[Sweden]] and [[Kingdom of France|France]] sign the [[Treaty of Bärwalde]], a military alliance in which France provides funds for the Swedish army invading northern Germany.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Meyer Setton|title=Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XN51y209fR8C&pg=PA50|year=1991|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-192-7|pages=50}}</ref>
* [[February 5]] &ndash; Puritan leader [[Roger Williams]] arrives in [[Boston]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Reuben Aldridge Guild|title=Footprints of Roger Williams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gd94AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA7|year=1886|publisher=Tibbitts & Preston|pages=7}}</ref>
* [[February 16]] &ndash; The [[Reval Gymnasium]] is founded in [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]], by Swedish king [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustavus II Adolphus]].
* [[February 20]] &ndash; A fire breaks out in [[Westminster Hall]], but is put out before it can cause serious destruction.<ref name=Fires>"Fires, Great", in ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance'', Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p29</ref> 
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Ambrósio I of Kongo|Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga]], the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Kongo]] (in what is now [[Angola]]) dies after a reign of five years.
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Al Walid ben Zidan]] becomes the new [[Sultan of Morocco]] upon the death of [[Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II]].
* [[March 20]] &ndash; The siege of the Protestant German city of [[Magdeburg]] by the [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]] begins and lasts for more than two months before the city falls and the inhabitants are massacred.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 13]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]] [[Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder|defeats an imperial garrison]] at the city of [[Frankfurt an der Oder]].
* [[May 18]] &ndash; In [[Dorchester, Boston|Dorchester]], Boston, [[John Winthrop]] takes the oath of office, and becomes the first [[Governor of Massachusetts]].
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: After a two-month siege, the [[Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor]], under the command of [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly]] sacks the Protestant German city of [[Magdeburg]], and [[Sack of Magdeburg|massacres over 20,000 inhabitants]]. Shocked by the massacre, many Protestant states in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] decide to ally with [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]], and support his ongoing invasion.
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[William Claiborne]] sails from England to establish a trading post on [[Kent Island, Maryland|Kent Island]], the first English settlement in [[Maryland]].<ref>{{cite book|author=William R. Howell|title=The Government of Kent County, Maryland, Historical and Descriptive|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84sB3pBbXlQC|year=1931|publisher=Published through the cooperation of Washington College|page=1}}</ref>
* [[May 30]]
** [[Thirty Years' War]]: [[Bavaria]] and France sign the [[Treaty of Fontainebleau (1631)|Treaty of Fontainebleau]], forming a secret alliance; however, this does not last long.
** ''[[La Gazette (France)|Gazette de France]]'', the first weekly French newspaper, is published.
* [[June 17]] &ndash; The death in childbirth of [[Mumtaz Mahal]] at [[Burhanpur]] causes her husband [[Shah Jahan]] to commission the [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]], as a [[mausoleum]] for her. Construction is started in [[1632]], and finished in [[1653]].
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[War of the Mantuan Succession]]: The [[Treaty of Cherasco]] is signed, ending the War of the Mantuan Succession.
* [[June 20]] &ndash; [[Algiers|Algerian]] pirates [[Sack of Baltimore|sack]] [[Baltimore, County Cork]], in Ireland.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Koca Musa Pasha]], the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, arranges the murder of Emir Kitas Bey, commander of Turkish troops who had been scheduled to invade Persia.
* [[July 16]] &ndash; The city of [[Würzburg]] is taken by [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]], putting an end to the [[Würzburg witch trial]]s, but not before an estimated 900 people from the city and its environs have been burned at the stake for [[witchcraft]].
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Werben]]: [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]] defeats [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]], but not decisively.
* [[August 22]] &ndash; The Treaty of Werben is signed as an alliance between [[Hesse-Cassel]] and [[Sweden]]. 
* [[August 29]] &ndash; (1 Safar 1041 A.H.) [[Abd Allah ibn Hasan]], [[Emir of Mecca]], abdicates in favor of two successors, his son [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah]] and his great-nephew [[Zayd ibn Muhsin]].
* [[August]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: Running out of supplies, [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]] is forced to send his army into the [[Electorate of Saxony]] in order to secure supplies, as well as to force a reaction from [[John George I, Elector of Saxony|John George, Elector of Saxony]] and [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]].
* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: As a result of [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]]'s invasion, [[John George I, Elector of Saxony|John George, Elector of Saxony]], who has until now stayed neutral, allies with [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]], in order to drive the Imperial army out of Saxony.
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Eighty Years' War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Albrolhos]]: A Spanish fleet, under the command of Admiral [[Antonio de Oquendo]], defeats a Dutch fleet off the coast of [[Brazil]]. 
* [[September 13]]&ndash; [[Eighty Years' War]] &ndash; [[Battle of the Slaak]]: A Spanish fleet of 95 ships, carrying 5,500 soldiers tasked with taking over the Dutch Republic, is almost completely destroyed (with 83 ships sunk) the day after being intercepted by a Dutch fleet off of the coast of the Netherlands. 
* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)|Battle of Breitenfeld]]: [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]]'s Holy Roman Imperial army is decisively defeated by [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustavus II Adolphus]] of Sweden, shattering the imperial army of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and marking the first significant victory for the Protestants in the war.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: A [[Saxony|Saxon]] army takes over [[Prague]]. 
* [[November 15]] &ndash; King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden takes possession of Prague, capital of [[Bohemia]].
* [[November 21]] &ndash; In [[Venice]], a special mass celebrates the end of the [[1629–1631 Italian plague|two years of bubonic plague]] that had killed thousands of people. 
* [[November 29]] &ndash; The Treaty of Höchst is signed between King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, with Darmstadt giving up the fortress of Rüsselsheim in return for Sweden's recognition of Darmstadt's neutrality.
* [[December 16]] &ndash; A [[volcanic eruption]] of [[Mount Vesuvius]] at [[Pompeii]] occurs, for the first time in several centuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vesuvius {{!}} Facts, Location, & Eruptions |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vesuvius |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=April 7, 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Thirty Years' War]]: [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustavus II Adolphus]] of Sweden takes the city of [[Mainz]], without any resistance.

=== Date unknown ===
* Publication of
** [[Moses Amyraut]]'s ''Traite des Religions''.
** {{ill|Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma|es|lt=Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma's}} ''Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke, by Antonio Colmenero. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/21271/21271-h/21271-h.htm |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref>
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