Editing 1634 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 12]] &ndash; After suspecting that he will be dismissed, [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]], supreme commander of the Holy Roman Empire's Army, demands that his colonels sign a declaration of personal loyalty.
* [[January 14]] &ndash; France's ''Compagnie normande'' obtains a one-year monopoly on trade with the African kingdoms in Guinea.
* [[January 19]] &ndash; [[Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine]] abdicates in favor of his brother [[Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine|Nicholas II]], who is only able to hold the duchy for 75 days.
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor]], signs a classified order dismissing [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]], the supreme commander of the Imperial Army. 
* [[February 18]] &ndash; Emperor Ferdinand II's dismissal of Commander Wallenstein for high treason, and the order for his capture, dead or alive, is made public. 
* [[February 25]] &ndash; Rebel Scots and Irish soldiers assassinate [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] military leader [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]] at [[Cheb]].
* [[March 1]] &ndash; The Russians vacate their camp, ending the [[Siege of Smolensk (1632–33)|Siege of Smolensk]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Black | first = Jeremy | title = European warfare, 1494-1660 | publisher = Routledge | location = London; New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 9781134477098 | page=137 | language=en}}</ref>
* [[March 4]] &ndash; Belgian scientist [[Jan Baptist van Helmont]] is interrogated by the [[Spanish Inquisition]] and put under house arrest for his experiments into [[Photosynthesis|plant growth]].<ref>Allen G. Debus, ''The Chemical Philosophy'' (Dover Publications, 2013) p. 310</ref>
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Leonard Calvert]] arrives in [[Maryland]], with [[Jesuit]] missionaries [[Andrew White (Jesuit)|Andrew White]], John Altham Gravenor, and Thomas Gervase, establishing [[St. Mary's City, Maryland|St. Mary's]] as the fourth permanent settlement in [[British North America]]. In this year they also establish an institution of higher learning there, which later becomes [[Georgetown University]], the United States's oldest university.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine|Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine]], who assumed rule of the duchy on January 19 upon the abdication of his older brother [[Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine|Charles IV]] abdicates in favor of Charles.
* [[April 14]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Amritsar (1634)|Battle of Amritsar]] begins in India when Mughal Empire troops attempt to eliminate the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] religious leader, [[Guru Hargobind]], by attacking Amritsar. The Sikh defenders hand the Mughal invaders an unprecedented defeat. 
* [[May 2]] &ndash; With Albrecht Wallenstein having been eliminated, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II personally takes command of the Imperial Army.  
* [[May 5]] &ndash; King Charles I of England and Scotland first refers to the banner of the British Isles as the "Union Flag" in a proclamation that the flag shall not be used on any ships other than those "in our immediate Service and Pay, and none other." The term evolves into the description of the British flag as the "[[Union Jack]]".
* [[June 14]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Polyanovka]] is signed between the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] and the [[Tsardom of Russia]], concluding the [[Smolensk War]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 4]] &ndash; The city of [[Trois-Rivières]] is founded in [[New France]], in what is the modern-day Canadian province of [[Quebec]].
* [[August 18]] &ndash; In France, [[Urbain Grandier]], accused of wizardry, is burned alive in [[Loudun]].
* [[August]] (prob.) &ndash; [[Jean Nicolet]] becomes the first European to set foot in what is now the U.S. state of [[Wisconsin]]. He is in search of a water-route to the Pacific, when he lands at [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] of [[Lake Michigan]].
* [[September 6]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Nördlingen (1634)|Battle of Nördlingen]] ends after two days with a decisive victory for the [[Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor|Imperial Army]] and [[Habsburg Spain]] over the Army of Sweden and Protestant German troops.<ref>{{cite book | last = Asbach | first = Olaf | title = The Ashgate research companion to the Thirty Years' War | publisher = Routledge | location = London; New York | year = 2016 | isbn = 9781317041351 |page=291}}</ref>
* [[September 12]] &ndash; A gunpowder factory [[1634 Valletta explosion|explodes]] in [[Valletta]], Malta, killing 22 people and damaging several buildings.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 11]] &ndash; The [[Burchardi flood]] (also known as the second Grote Mandrenke) strikes the North Sea coast of Germany and Denmark, causing at least 8,000 deaths and perhaps as many as 12,000.
* [[November 11]] &ndash; The [[Irish House of Commons]] passes an Act for the Punishment of the Vice of [[Buggery]].
* [[December 8]] &ndash; Francesco Niccolini obtains an audience with [[Pope Urban VIII]] and pleads him to reconsider the Church's punishment of astronomer [[Galileo Galilei]]. The Pope replies that although he esteems Galileo highly, nothing will change. <ref>Karl von Gebler, ''Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia, From Authentic Sources'' (DigiCat, 2022)</ref>
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Gregorio Panzani]], an emissary of [[Pope Urban VIII]], is welcomed in England by King Charles I,<ref> "Relations between the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches in the 16th and 17th Centuries, by D.M. Loades, in ''Rome and the Anglicans: Historical and Doctrinal Aspects of Anglican-Roman Catholic Relations'' by J. C. H. Aveling (Walter De Gruyter, 2019) p.41,</ref> marking the first time since England's break with the Roman Catholic Church that a monarch has received an agent of the Vatican.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Curaçao]] is captured by the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]].
* The English establish a settlement at Cochin (modern-day [[Kochi]]) on the [[Malabar Coast]].
* Suspecting that Patriarch [[Afonso Mendes]] played a part in the Portuguese assault on [[Mombasa]], Emperor [[Fasilides]] expels him and several [[Jesuit]] missionaries from [[Ethiopia]].
* The ''[[Académie Française]]'' is formed by [[Cardinal Richelieu]] (it will be formally established in [[1635]]).
* The first performance of the [[Oberammergau Passion Play]] is held in [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]].
* [[Moses Amyraut]]'s ''Traité de la predestination'' is published.
* The [[Paulaner Brewery]] is established in [[Munich]], by [[Minim (religious order)|Minim]] [[friar]]s.</onlyinclude>