Editing 1644 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Kolumna Zygmunta.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Kolumna Zygmunta]] erected.]]<onlyinclude>
=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 22]] &ndash; The Royalist [[Oxford Parliament (1644)|Oxford Parliament]] is first assembled by King [[Charles I of England]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Braddick | first = Michael J. | title = The Oxford handbook of the English revolution | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, UK; New York | year = 2015 | isbn = 9780199695898 | page=103| language=en}}</ref>
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[First English Civil War]]: [[Battle of Nantwich]] &ndash; The [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] defeat the [[Cavalier|Royalists]], allowing them to end the 6-week siege of the [[Cheshire]] town.<ref>{{cite book | last = Coward | first = Barry | title = The Stuart age: England, 1603-1714 | publisher = Longman | location = London New York | year = 1994 | isbn = 9780582067226 | page=223 | language=en}}</ref>
* [[January 30]] 
**Dutch explorer [[Abel Tasman]] departs from [[Jakarta|Batavia]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (modern-day Jakarta in Indonesia) on his second major expedition for the [[Dutch East India Company]], to map the north coast of [[Australia]]. Tasman commands three ships, ''Limmen'', ''Zeemeeuw'' and ''Braek'', and returns to Batavia at the beginning of August with no major discoveries.
**[[Battle of Ochmatów (1644)|Battle of Ochmatów]]: [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] forces under [[hetman]] [[Stanisław Koniecpolski]] secure a substantial victory over the [[horde (organization)|horde]] of [[Crimean Tatars]] under [[Tugay Bey]].
* [[February 5]] &ndash; The first [[livestock branding]] law in America is passed in Connecticut.<ref name="Hisdates1644">{{cite web|url=http://www.hisdates.com/years/1644-historical-events.html|title=What Happened In 1644|publisher=hisdates.com|access-date=2016-03-03}}</ref>
* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Roger Williams]] is granted an official grant for his [[Rhode Island Colony]] from the Parliament of England, allowing the establishment of a general assembly.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 18]] &ndash; [[Opchanacanough]] leads the [[Powhatan]] Indians in an unsuccessful uprising against the English at [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]]. Although 300 of the English colonists are slain, the settlers pursue Opchanacanough, who is imprisoned in Jamestown for the rest of his life.<ref>Edward S. Ellis, et al., ''The People's History of the World; Including Two Volumes on the Races of Mankind'', Volume 5: United States (Chicago: The History Publishing Association, 1902) p. 127 ("The second outbreak occurred April 18th, 1644... Opechankano was taken prisoner, and died in Jamestown while a captive")</ref> This is the last such Indian rebellion in the region.
* [[April 25]] &ndash; A popular Chinese rebellion led by [[Li Zicheng]] sacks Beijing, prompting [[Chongzhen Emperor|Chongzhen]], the last emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]], to commit [[suicide]].
* [[May 6]] &ndash; [[John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen|Johan Mauritius]] resigns as Governor of Brazil.<ref name="Hisdates1644"/>
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] general [[Wu Sangui]] forms an alliance with the invading [[Manchus]] and opens the gates of the [[Great Wall of China]] at [[Shanhai Pass|Shanhaiguan]] Pass, letting the Manchus through towards the capital Beijing.
* [[May 26]] &ndash; [[Battle of Montijo]]: The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] is victorious over [[Habsburg Spain]], in the first major action between the two nations during the [[Portuguese Restoration War]].
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Battle of Shanhai Pass]]: The [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]] and [[Wu Sangui]] gain a decisive victory over [[Li Zicheng]]'s [[Shun dynasty]].
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Li Zicheng]] proclaims himself emperor of China.
* [[June 6]] &ndash; The invading [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] army, with the help of [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] general [[Wu Sangui]], captures Beijing in [[China]], marking the beginning of Manchu rule over [[China proper]].
* [[June 11]] &ndash; During the [[First English Civil War|English Civil War]], [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]] and his men take [[Liverpool Castle]].<ref>"Rupert, Prince", by Charles Harding Firth, in ''The Dictionary of National Biography'', Volume 17 (Oxford University Press, 1922) p. 408 ("Rupert returned to Wales.. Defeating the parliamentarians at Stockport, he forced his way into Lancashire, stormed Bolton on 28 May, and captured Liverpool on 11 June", quoting Ormerod, ''Civil War Tracts of Lancashire'', p. 187)</ref> Liverpool is later reclaimed by Sir John Moore.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Torstenson War]]: [[Battle of Colberger Heide]] &ndash; The [[Denmark-Norway|Dano-Norwegian]] and [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] fleets fight a naval battle off the coast of [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]]-[[Duchy of Holstein|Holstein]]. The battle is indecisive but represents a minor success for the Dano-Norwegian fleet.
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[First English Civil War|English Civil War]]: [[Battle of Marston Moor]] &ndash; The [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] crush the [[Cavalier|Royalists]] in [[Yorkshire]], ending [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]'s hold on the north of England.<ref>{{cite book | last = Levene | first = Mark | title = The massacre in history | publisher = Berghahn Books | location = New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 9781571819345 | page=93 | language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[First English Civil War|English Civil War]]: [[Battle of Tippermuir]] &ndash; [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Montrose]] defeats [[John Wemyss, 1st Earl of Wemyss|Lord Elcho]]'s [[Covenanter]]s, reviving the Royalist cause in Scotland.
* [[September 2]] &ndash; English Civil War: Second [[Battle of Lostwithiel]] (in [[Cornwall]]) &ndash; [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and the [[Cavalier|Royalists]] gain their last major victory.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeremy Black|title=The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|page=80}}</ref>
* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Pope Innocent X]] succeeds [[Pope Urban VIII]], becoming the 236th [[pope]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Levillain | first = Philippe | title = The papacy : an encyclopedia | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 9780415922289 | page=801 | language=en}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 1]] &ndash; The Jews of [[Mogilev]], Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, are attacked during [[Tashlikh]].
* [[November 8]] &ndash; The [[Shunzhi Emperor]], the second emperor of the [[Qing dynasty]], is enthroned in Beijing after the collapse of the [[Ming dynasty]] as the first Qing emperor to rule over [[China proper]].
* [[November 23]]
** [[Battle of Jüterbog]] (December 3 [[Old Style and New Style dates|New Style]]): [[Sweden]]'s forces defeat those of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
** ''[[Areopagitica]]'', an appeal for freedom of speech written by [[John Milton]], is published in London.
* [[November]] &ndash; The [[Castle of Elvas]] in Portugal resists a 9-day siege by the Spanish during the [[Portuguese Restoration War]].
* [[December 8]] (December 18 [[Old Style and New Style dates|New Style]]) &ndash; As [[Christina, Queen of Sweden|Christina]] comes of age, she is made ruling queen of Sweden.
* [[December]] &ndash; [[Black Death|Bubonic plague]] breaks out in [[Edinburgh]] (Scotland).

=== Date unknown ===
* A Spanish officer is murdered in [[St. Dominic's Church, Macau]] during [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] by colonists loyal to [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] during the [[Portuguese Restoration War]]. 
* [[Sigismund's Column]] is erected in [[Warsaw]] to commemorate King [[Sigismund III Vasa]], who moved the capital of Poland from [[Kraków]] to Warsaw in [[1596]].
* Philosopher [[René Descartes]] publishes ''Principia Philosophiae'' (''[[Principles of Philosophy]]'') in Amsterdam.
* The [[opera]] ''[[Ormindo]]'' is first performed in Venice (music by [[Francesco Cavalli]], and libretto by [[Giovanni Faustini]]).
* The West India Company{{which|date=June 2020}} displays greater interest in profit than in colonization.{{vague|date=June 2020}}</onlyinclude>