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== Events == [[File:Scene from recreation of Battle of Naseby.jpg|thumb|300px|[[June 14]]: The [[Battle of Naseby]] (as shown in a re-enactment) is fought as the Parliamentarian Roundheads defeat the Royalist Cavaliers]] <onlyinclude> === January–March === * [[January 3]] – The [[Long Parliament]] adopts the ''[[Directory for Public Worship]]'' in England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland, replacing the [[Book of Common Prayer]] ([[1559]]). Holy Days (other than Sundays) are not to be observed. * [[January 10]] – [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[William Laud]] is executed for [[treason]] on [[Tower Hill]], London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1645|title=Historical Events for Year 1645 | OnThisDay.com |website=Historyorb.com |access-date=July 8, 2016}}</ref> * [[January 14]] – [[English Civil War]]: [[Thomas Fairfax]] is appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Parliamentarians. * [[January 29]] – [[English Civil War]]: [[Treaty of Uxbridge|Armistice talks]] open at [[Uxbridge]]. * [[February 2]] – [[Battle of Inverlochy (1645)|Battle of Inverlochy]]: The Scottish [[Covenanter]]s are defeated by [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Montrose]].<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=BTL24|desc=Battle of Inverlochy II|access-date=June 20, 2020}}</ref> * [[February 15]] – [[English Civil War]]: The [[New Model Army]] is officially founded. * [[February 28]] – [[English Civil War]]: The Uxbridge armistice talks fail. * [[March 4]] – [[English Civil War]]: [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]] leaves [[Oxford]] for [[Bristol]]. * [[March 5]] – [[Thirty Years' War]] – [[Battle of Jankau]]: The armies of [[Sweden]] decisively defeat the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, in one of the bloodiest battles of the war, in southern Bohemia, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Prague. * [[March 31]] – Fearing the spread of the [[Black Death]] (plague), [[Edinburgh]] Town Council prohibits all gatherings except weddings and funerals. === April–June === * [[April 3]] – The [[House of Lords]] passes the ''[[Self-denying Ordinance]]'', requiring members of the [[Parliament of England]] to resign [[Commissioned officer|commission]]s in the armed services. * [[April 10]] – Because of the [[Black Death|plague]], the [[Edinburgh]] town council orders that the college graduation ceremony should be moved forward, so that students can leave the city (on [[November 19]], teaching resumes in [[Linlithgow]]). * [[April 23]] ([[St George's Day]]) – [[English Civil War]]: One hundred and fifty Irish soldiers bound for service with King [[Charles I of England]] are captured at sea by [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]]s and killed at [[Pembroke, Pembrokeshire|Pembroke]] in Wales. * [[May 2]] – [[Thirty Years' War]] – [[Battle of Herbsthausen]] (or Mergentheim): The Bavarian army, led by [[Franz von Mercy]], catches French forces led by Marshal [[Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne]] unawares, and heavily defeats them. * [[May 9]] – [[Battle of Auldearn]]: Scottish [[Covenanter]]s are defeated by Montrose.<ref>{{cite book | last = Black | first = Jeremy | title = A History of the British Isles | publisher = Macmillan Education UK Imprint Palgrave | location = London | year = 1997 | isbn = 9781349260065 | page=28 | language=en}}</ref> * [[June 1]] – [[English Civil War]]: Prince Rupert's army sacks [[Leicester]]. * [[June 10]] – [[English Civil War]]: [[Oliver Cromwell]] is confirmed as the Lieutenant-General of the Cavalry. * [[June 14]] – [[English Civil War]] – [[Battle of Naseby]]: 12,000 [[Cavalier|Royalist]] forces are beaten by 15,000 [[Long Parliament|Parliamentarian]] soldiers.<ref name="history">{{cite book | last = Morrill | first = J. S. | title = The Oxford illustrated history of Tudor & Stuart Britain | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 1996 | isbn = 9780198203254 | page=372}}</ref> * [[June 28]] – [[English Civil War]]: The Royalists lose [[Carlisle]]. === July–September === * [[July 2]] – [[English Civil War]] – Battle of Alford – [[Alford, Aberdeenshire]]. * [[July 10]] – [[English Civil War]] – [[Battle of Langport]]: Cromwell wins in [[Somerset]].<ref name="history"/> * [[July 21]] – [[Qing Dynasty]] regent [[Dorgon]] issues an [[Queue (hairstyle)#Queue order|edict]] ordering all [[Han Chinese]] men to shave their forehead, and braid the rest of their hair into a queue, identical to those of the [[Manchus]]. * [[July 23]] – [[Tsar]] [[Alexei Mikhailovich]] of Russia comes to the throne. * [[July 30]] – [[English Civil War]]: [[Covenanters|Scottish Covenanters]] under [[Lord Leven]] begin the [[Siege of Hereford]], a [[Cavalier|Royalist]] stronghold. * [[August 23]] (August 13 [[Old Style]]) – The [[Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)|Treaty of Brömsebro]] is signed between Sweden and [[Denmark–Norway]], ending the [[Torstenson War]] and ceding [[Jemtland]], [[Herjedalen]], [[Gotland]] and Ösel ([[Saaremaa]]) to Sweden, which also holds the province of [[Halland]] for a period of 30 years, as a guarantee. * [[September 1]] – [[English Civil War]]: Scottish Covenanters abandon the Siege of Hereford and retreat northwards * [[September 10]] – [[English Civil War]]: Prince Rupert surrenders Bristol. * [[September 13]] – [[Battle of Philiphaugh]]: The Covenanters defeat Montrose at [[Selkirk, Scottish Borders|Selkirk]].<ref name="history"/> * [[September 24]] – [[English Civil War]] – [[Battle of Rowton Heath]]: Parliamentarians defeat the Royalist cavalry. === October–December === * [[October 8]]–[[October 14|14]] – [[English Civil War]]: The [[Third siege of Basing House]] by [[Oliver Cromwell]] results in its destruction. * [[October 8]] – [[Jeanne Mance]] founds the [[Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal]], the first hospital in North America. * [[October 11]] – [[English Civil War]]: Re-fortification of [[Bourne Castle]] in [[Lincolnshire]] against a threatened Royalist attack begins. * [[November 20]] – The ''Colegio de Santo Tomas'' is elevated by [[Pope Innocent X]] into the [[University of Santo Tomas]], in his brief ''In Supreminenti''. It has the oldest extant University Charter in the Philippines, as well as the whole of Asia. * [[December 18]] – [[English Civil War]]: The Royalist stronghold of [[Hereford]] is seized in a swift attack by Parliamentary forces under [[John Birch (Roundhead)|John Birch]]. === Date unknown === * [[Bambara people|Bamana]] forces from [[Ségou]] invade the [[Mali]] heartland, destroying the [[Mali Empire]] after its 400 years as a unified state. * The Stolberg-Wernigerode branch of the family of the counts of Stolberg and [[Wernigerode]] is founded in Germany. * The [[Solar cycle]] enters the 70-year [[Maunder Minimum]], during which [[sunspot]]s will be rare.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=John A. Eddy|last=Eddy|first=John A.|title=The Maunder Minimum|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=192|issue=4245|pages=1189–1202 |pmid=17771739|doi=10.1126/science.192.4245.1189|jstor=1742583|bibcode=1976Sci...192.1189E |date=June 1976|s2cid=33896851}}</ref> * [[Wallpaper]] begins to replace [[tapestry|tapestries]], as a wall decoration. * The [[Roxbury Latin School]] is founded. </onlyinclude>
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