Editing 1649 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; In England, the [[Rump Parliament]] passes an ordinance to set up a High Court of Justice, to try Charles I for high treason.
* [[January 17]] &ndash; The [[Second Ormonde Peace]] concludes an alliance between the [[Cavaliers|Irish Royalists]] and the [[Irish Confederates]] during the [[War of the Three Kingdoms]]. Later in the year the alliance is decisively defeated during the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]].
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Charles I of England]] goes on trial, for treason and other "[[high crimes]]".
* [[January 27]] &ndash; King [[Charles I of England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] is found guilty of high treason in a public session.   
* [[January 29]] &ndash; [[Serfdom in Russia]] begins legally as the [[Sobornoye Ulozheniye]] ({{lang|ru|Соборное уложение}}, "Code of Law") is signed by members of the [[Zemsky Sobor]], the parliament of the estates of the realm in the [[Tsardom of Russia]].  Slaves and free peasants are consolidated by law into the new hereditary class of "serfs", and the Russian nobility are given the exclusive privilege of owning the serfs.
* [[January 30]] &ndash; [[Execution of King Charles I|The deposed King Charles I is beheaded]] outside the Banquet Hall in the Palace of Whitehall, London. The [[Commonwealth of England]], with a republican form of government, replaces the monarchy as the form of government of England and members of the [[Long Parliament]] serve as government. [[Charles II of England|Charles, Prince of Wales]] declares himself as King of England, Scotland and Ireland pending restoration of the monarchy.<ref name=CharlesII>{{cite web |title=King Charles II: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland |url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/monarchs/charlesii.html |website=www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>
* [[February 5]] &ndash; In [[Edinburgh]], the Scottish Parliament declares [[Charles II of England|Prince Charles]], son of the recently executed [[Charles II of England|King Charles I]], as King Charles II of Scotland.  Prince Charles, at the time, is at sea in charge of royalist forces fighting to drive Oliver Cromwell from the British Isles.  Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne.<ref name=CharlesII />
* [[February 7]] &ndash; The English Parliament rejects a proposal to continue the English monarchy after [[Oliver Cromwell]] makes clear that he does not wish to be crowned as King of England.  <ref name=Worden>Blair Worden, ''The Rump Parliament 1648-1653'' (Cambridge University Press, 1974). pp. 171–172</ref> 
* [[February 22]] &ndash; The [[Mughal–Safavid War (1649–1653)|Mughal–Safavid War]] begins when [[Abbas II of Persia|Shah Abbas II]] of the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire in Persia]] captures the Afghan city of [[Kandahar]] from the [[Mughal Empire]] of India after a six-week siege.   The Mughals, led by [[Shah Jahan]], fail to recapture Kandahar after three sieges in four years.
* [[March 4]] &ndash; The first ever set of rules and regulations for England's [[Royal Navy|Parliamentary Navy]], [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]]'s ''The Laws of War and Ordinances of the Sea'', is adopted by the House of Commons,<ref>"House of Commons Journal Volume 6: 5 March 1649". Journal of the House of Commons: volume 6: 1648–1651. Institute of Historical Research. 1802.</ref> and Blake is promoted to the position of ''General at Sea'' of the English fleet.<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Michael|last=Baumber|title=Blake, Robert (bap. 1598, d. 1657)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/2582|access-date=2010-08-24|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/2582}} </ref>
* [[March 11]] &ndash; The rebel ''[[Fronde]]urs'' and the French government sign the [[Peace of Rueil]].
* [[March 15]] &ndash; The city of [[Lappeenranta]] ({{langx|sv|Villmanstrand}}) is founded by Queen [[Christina, Queen of Sweden|Christina of Sweden]].<ref>[https://www.fonecta.fi/profiili/lappeenrannan-kaupunki-tekniset-palvelut-ja-rakentaminen-tekninen-toimiala-kiinteisto-ja-mittausosasto/517300 Lappeenrannan kaupunki tekniset palvelut ja rakentaminen tekninen toimiala kiinteistö- ja mittausosasto – Fonecta] (in Finnish)</ref><ref>[https://www.lappeenranta.fi/en/Our-City/History Lappeenranta: History]</ref>
* [[March 16]] &ndash; An over 1,000 strong war party of [[Haudenosaunee]] Iroquois invade and burn the Huron mission villages of St. Ignace and St. Louis in present-day [[Simcoe County, Ontario]], killing about 300 people.
* [[March 17]]
**The [[Rump Parliament|English Parliament]], having voted February 7 against a proposal to continue the monarchy under Oliver Cromwell, passes the "[[Act abolishing the kingship|Act Abolishing the Kingship]]" with the goal of creating a republic under a Lord Protector selected by an elected Parliament. <ref name=Worden/>
**French colonists from [[Martinique]], led by former Martinique Governor [[Jacques Dyel du Parquet]], land at St. Georges Harbour on the island of [[Grenada]] for the founding of Fort Annunciation.  The fort is soon abandoned and the colonists cross the harbour for the founding of [[Fort Royal]] which eventually becomes the city of [[St. George's, Grenada]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Town of St. George's - 300 years.|url=https://www.gov.gd/articles/st_george/town_st_george.html|access-date=2018-11-15|archive-date=November 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116001148/https://www.gov.gd/articles/st_george/town_st_george.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[March 19]] &ndash; The [[House of Commons of England]] passes an act abolishing the [[House of Lords]], which it describes in the act as "useless and dangerous to the people of England".<ref>{{cite web|title=March 1649 - An Act for the Abolishing the House of Peers.|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=56321|access-date=2012-02-16}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 21]] &ndash; The [[Maryland Toleration Act]] is passed in the American colony, allowing all freedom of worship.
* [[May 1]]  &ndash; The [[Wyandot people]] Indian tribe complete the burning of 15 of their own villages, to [[Scorched earth|prevent their stores from being taken]] by the [[Haudenasaunee]] [[Iroquois]].  Almost all the remaining people (approximately 10,000) become refugees, on a path that eventually brings them to [[Wendake, Quebec|Wendake]].
* [[May 17]] &ndash; The [[Banbury mutiny]] in England ends &ndash; leaders of the [[Levellers|Leveller]] mutineers in the [[New Model Army]] are hanged.
* [[May 19]] &ndash; "[[s:An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth|An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth]]" is passed by the [[Rump Parliament]].
* [[May 22]]&ndash;October &ndash; [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]] blockades [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]]'s fleet in [[Kinsale]], Ireland.
* [[June 1]]
**[[Tsar Alexis|Alexis, Tsar of the Russian Empire]] orders all English merchants to leave [[Moscow]].
**[[Philippine revolts against Spain#Sumuroy Revolt (1649–1650)|The Sumuroy Revolt]] begins in Northern [[Samar]] as Agustin Sumuroy, a Waray, and some of his followers rebel against the polo y servicio (forced labor system).

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 5]] &ndash; After news reaches the Western Hemisphere that King Charles I has been deposed and executed, the English colonial government of the Somers Isles, now called [[Bermuda]], proclaims its recognition of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] as the rightful ruler of the islands. <ref>Major-General Sir John Henry Lefroy, ''Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands 1515-1685'' (Bermuda Historical Society, 1877, reprinted by University of Toronto Press, 1981)</ref> 
* [[July 27]] &ndash; The Commonwealth of England Parliament passes the "Act for the promoting and propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ in New England" to create the "Company for Propagation of the Gospel in New England and the parts adjacent in America" for Christian missionary ministries to Native American tribes.  The New England Company will continue to operate more than three and a half centuries later. <ref>[http://www.newenglandcompany.org/htms/history.htm "History of the New England Company"], New England Company website</ref>
* [[July 31]] &ndash; Ukrainian Cossack troops under the command of [[Mykhailo Krychevsky]] and [[Stepan Pobodailo]] are overwhelmed in the [[Battle of Loyew (1649)|Battle of Loyew]] (in what is now [[Belarus]]) by a smaller force of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth soldiers led by Lithuania's [[Janusz Radziwiłł (1612–1655)|Janusz Radziwiłł]], with the Cossacks losing more than 3,000 fighters. Krychevsky is mortally wounded and dies on August 3.  
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh]] completes Book VIII of ''[[Leabhar na nGenealach]]'', in [[Galway]], within days of an outbreak of the [[Black Death|plague]].
* [[August 17]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Zboriv]] is signed by representatives of King [[John II Casimir of Poland]] and the representatives of the Cossacks and Crimean Tartars to partially settle the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]].  
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Oliver Cromwell]] lands in [[Dublin]], unopposed and with thousands of English troops, to begin the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]].
* [[August 26]] &ndash; After his "True Levellers", commonly called "The [[Diggers]]", abandon their last major colony at [[St. George's Hill]] at [[Weybridge]] in England, their leader, [[Gerrard Winstanley]], publishes the pamphlet "A Watch-Word to The City of London, and the Armie", recounting the experience.  <ref>''Winstanley 'The Law of Freedom' and Other Writings'', ed. by Christopher Hill (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p. 72</ref>
* [[September 2]] &ndash; The [[Italy|Italian]] city of [[Castro, Lazio|Castro]] is completely destroyed by the forces of [[Pope Innocent X]], ending the [[Wars of Castro]].
* [[September 3]] &ndash; Oliver Cromwell leads England's [[New Model Army]] to start the [[Siege of Drogheda]] in Ireland, and breaks through on September 11, executing the last of the original 2,550 [[Irish Catholic Confederation|Irish Catholic]] defenders and their leader, the English Royalist [[Arthur Aston (army officer)|Sir Arthur Aston]].
* [[September 30]] &ndash; The last of Sweden's troops vacate [[Prague]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 11]] &ndash; The [[Sack of Wexford]] in Ireland ends after having started on October 2, with Cromwell's New Model Army breaking through, killing more than 1,500 Irish Catholic defenders and civilians, while losing only 20 of the English soldiers.  The capture of Wexford ends the remaining chance that [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], heir to the English throne, can land troops in Ireland, and Charles and the royalist fleet flee to Portugal.
* [[November 24]] &ndash; The first phase of the [[Siege of Waterford]] begins as Cromwell's New Model Army attempts to take on the strategically-located Irish city's defenders with his own exhausted army.  Cromwell is forced to call off the siege after eight days and his army retreats to its winter quarters at [[Dungarvan]] on December 2.
* [[December 6]] &ndash; The Scottish defenders of Ireland are defeated by Cromwell's forces in the [[Battle of Lisnagarvey]] in County Antrim, with 1,500 Scots killed or captured, and New Model Army battalion of Colonel [[Robert Venables]] suffering minimal losses.  The battle ends the Scottish presence in Ireland and settlers are expelled from the island in the days that follow.
* [[December 20]] &ndash; The Puritan law enforcers of the Commonwealth of England raid the [[Red Bull Theatre]] in [[London]] for violations of the laws against performance of plays and arrest the actors, as well as confiscating their property.
* [[December 30]] &ndash; Chinese General [[Geng Zhongming]], having reported to the [[Qing dynasty]] commanders to face charges of harboring runaway slaves during his fight against the [[Southern Ming]] dynasty troops, commits suicide while waiting for a verdict in his court-martial. (1943). <ref>"Kêng Chung-ming", by George A. Kennedy, in ''Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period'', ed. by Arthur W. Hummel Sr. (United States Government Printing Office, 1943) p. 417</ref>  His son, [[Geng Jimao]], continues to fight against the Southern Ming.

=== Undated ===  
* [[Qing]] armies reconquer [[Jiangxi]] province during the [[Manchu conquest of China]].
* The town of [[Kristinestad]], named after Queen [[Christina of Sweden]], is founded in [[Ostrobothnia (historical province)|Ostrobothnia]] by Count [[Per Brahe the Younger]].<ref>[https://www.visitkristinestad.fi/get-to-know-the-town Get to known the town: Urban traditions since 1649 – Visit Kristinestad]</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2021}} {{dubious|date=September 2022}} <ref>The Finnish article says that the town had existed as Koppöstad since the 13th century and that it was renamed by Governor-General Brahe on March 1, 1651</ref>
* Dutch artist [[Frans Hals]] paints a portrait of [[René Descartes]].<ref>19 × 14&nbsp;cm), currently in [[National Gallery of Denmark]]. {{cite web|url=https://www.artrenewal.org/pages/artwork.php?artworkid=23609|title=Art Renewal Center :: Frans Hals :: René Descartes|publisher=artrenewal.org|access-date=2016-03-04}}</ref></onlyinclude>