Editing 1654 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Magedurger Halbkugeln Luftpumpe Deutsches Museum.jpg|110px|thumb|right|The original Magdeburg hemispheres and Guericke's vacuum pump in the [[Deutsches Museum]], Munich, Germany]]
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 6]] &ndash; In [[India]], [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar]] (in the modern-day state of [[Rajasthan]]) is elevated to the title of Maharaja by Emperor [[Shah Jahan]].
* [[January 11]] &ndash; [[Arauco War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Río Bueno (1654)|Battle of Río Bueno]] in southern [[Chile]]: Indigenous [[Huilliche people|Huilliche]] warriors rout Spanish troops from [[Nacimiento, Chile|Fort Nacimiento]], who are attempting to cross the [[Bueno River]].
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Portugal]] [[Recapture of Recife (1652–1654)|recaptures the South American city]] of [[Recife]] from the Netherlands after a siege of more than two years during the [[Dutch-Portuguese War]], bringing an end to Dutch rule of what is now [[Brazil]]. The [[Dutch West India Company]] has held the city (which they call Mauritsstad) for more than 23 years.
* [[February 9]] &ndash; Spanish troops led by Don Gabriel de Rojas y Figueroa succeed in the [[capture of Fort Rocher]], a pirate-controlled base on the Caribbean island of [[Tortuga (Haiti)|Tortuga]].
* [[February 10]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Tullich]] takes place in [[Aberdeenshire]] in [[Scotland]] during [[Glencairn's rising]], a revolt by Scottish royalists against the [[Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland]] led by Lord Protector [[Oliver Cromwell]]. The battle is indecisive.
* [[March 13]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]] is concluded in the city of Pereyaslav during a meeting between the [[Cossacks]] of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks|Zaporozhian Host]] and [[Alexis of Russia|Tsar Alexey I of Russia]] following the end to the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] in Ukraine, which started in [[1648]] and has resulted in the massacre of many thousands of Jews.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 5]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Westminster (1654)|Treaty of Westminster]], ending the [[First Anglo-Dutch War]], is signed.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology266">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/266 266]}}</ref>
* [[April 11]] &ndash; A [[1654 Anglo-Swedish alliance|commercial treaty]] between [[Commonwealth of England|England]] and [[Sweden]] is signed.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology266"/>
* [[April 12]] &ndash; [[Oliver Cromwell]] creates a union between England and Scotland, with Scottish representation in the [[Parliament of England]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology266"/>
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Cromwell's Act of Grace]], officially the Act of Pardon and Grace to the People of [[Scotland]], is proclaimed at the [[Mercat Cross, Edinburgh|Mercat Cross]] in [[Edinburgh]].
* [[May 8]] &ndash; [[Otto von Guericke]] demonstrates the power of [[atmospheric pressure]] and the effectiveness of his [[vacuum pump]], using the [[Magdeburg hemispheres]], before [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]], and the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] in [[Regensburg]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Guericke, Otto von|volume=12|page=670}}</ref>
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Louis XIV of France]] is crowned at [[Reims]].
* [[June 16]] (June 6 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]] succeeds his cousin [[Christina of Sweden|Christina]] on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] nation, secretly converts to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 5]] &ndash; The Russian Army camps outside [[Smolensk]] and the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–67)|Thirteen Years' War]] starts between Russia and Poland over [[Ukraine]].<ref>Joseph T. Fuhrmann, ''Tsar Alexis, His Reign and His Russia'' (Academic International Press, 1981) p. 61</ref>
* [[July 10]]
** [[Peter Vowell]] and [[John Gerard (Royalist)|John Gerard]] are executed in London for plotting to assassinate [[Oliver Cromwell]]. 
** Don Pantaleon, brother of the Portuguese ambassador to England, is executed after the death of an innocent man following a fracas at the exchange in [[Exeter]].<ref>[[Thomas Carlyle|Carlyle, Thomas]] (ed.), Oliver Cromwell, ''Letters and Speeches''.</ref>
* [[August 12]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Shklow (1654)|Battle of Shklow]], one of the first clashes of the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)|Russo-Polish War]], takes place at the modern-day Belarusan town of [[Shklow|Škłoŭ]] during a [[Solar eclipse of August 12, 1654|total eclipse of the Sun]] visible over Eastern Europe. The Russian troops retreat.
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Oliver Cromwell]] launches the ''[[Western Design]]'' with the appointment of Admiral William Penn to prepare for a fleet to leave on Christmas Day<ref name=Lay>Paul Lay, ''Providence Lost: The Rise and Fall of Cromwell's Protectorate'' (Head of Zeus Press, 2020)</ref> for an English expedition to the Caribbean to counter Spanish commercial interests, effectively beginning the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (which will last until after the [[English Restoration]] in [[1660]]).<ref name="CBH1654">{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=185–186|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> The fleet leaves [[Portsmouth]] in late December. 
* [[August 22]] &ndash; [[Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam]]: 23 [[Sephardic law and customs|Sephardic]] Jews arrive as refugees from Brazil and settle in [[New Amsterdam]], forming the nucleus of what will be the second largest urban Jewish community in history, that of New York City,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jews arrive in the New World|url=http://americanjewisharchives.org/aja/aje/details.php?id=586&page=1|work=American Jewish Archives|access-date=2012-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ner|last=LeElef|title=World Jewish Population|url=http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm|work=SimpleToRemember|year=2001|access-date=2012-07-10|quote=Metropolitan [[Tel Aviv]], with 2.5 million Jews, is the world's largest Jewish city. It is followed by New York, with 1.9 million.}}</ref> and of [[Congregation Shearith Israel]], the first [[synagogue]] in [[North America]].
* [[August 25]] &ndash; Russia routs the Polish Army in the [[Battle of Shepeleviche]].
* [[September 3]] &ndash; In England, the [[First Protectorate Parliament]] assembles.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology266"/>
* [[September 12]] &ndash; Oliver Cromwell orders the exclusion of 120 members of Parliament who are hostile to him.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Britannia 1066–1884: From Medieval Absolutism to the Birth of Freedom under Constitutional Monarchy, Limited Suffrage, and the Rule of Law|last=Wu|first=Bin|publisher=Springer|year=2014|isbn=9783319046839|pages=53|oclc=947041435}}</ref>
* [[September 23]] &ndash; [[Smolensk]] falls to the Russian Army after almost three months.

=== October &ndash;December ===
* [[October 12]] &ndash; The [[Delft Explosion]], in the arsenal, devastates the city in the Netherlands, killing more than 100, among whom is [[Carel Fabritius]] (32), the most promising student of [[Rembrandt]].
* [[October 31]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria]], is crowned. His [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutist]] style of leadership becomes a benchmark for the rest of Germany.
* [[November 23]] &ndash; French mathematician, scientist and religious philosopher [[Blaise Pascal]] experiences an intense mystical vision that marks him for life.
* [[December 11]] &ndash; Sir [[William Petty]] wins the contract from the [[Commonwealth of England]] to make a survey of [[Ireland]]. 
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Count of Atouguia#List of the Counts of Atouguia (1448)|Jerónimo de Ataíde]], Count of Atouguia, becomes Portugal's new [[List of governors-general of Brazil|Governor-General of Brazil]], succeeding [[João Rodrigues de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 2nd Count of Castelo Melhor|João Rodrigues de Vasconcelos e Sousa]].
* [[December 25]] &ndash; An English Navy fleet of 17 warships and 20 transports, carrying 325 cannons, 1,145 seamen, and 1,830 troops, under the command of Admiral [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|William Penn]] departs from Portsmouth to begin [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s planned [[Western Design|surprise attack on Spain's colonies in the New World]].</onlyinclude>