Editing 1659 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 14]] &ndash; In the [[Battle of the Lines of Elvas]], fought near the small city of [[Elvas]] in [[Portugal]] during the [[Portuguese Restoration War]], the Spanish Army under the command of [[Luis Méndez de Haro]] suffers heavy casualties, with over 11,000 of its nearly 16,000 soldiers killed, wounded or taken prisoner; the smaller Portuguese force of 10,500 troops, commanded by [[André de Albuquerque Ribafria]] (who is killed in the battle) suffers less than 900 casualties.<ref>Luis de Menezes, ''Historia de Portugal Restaurado'', Volume III (Joseph Filippe Publishing, 1759) p. 229</ref>
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Pierre Corneille]]'s ''Oedipe'' premieres in Paris.
* [[January 27]] &ndash; The third and final session of the [[Third Protectorate Parliament|Parliament]] of the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland]] is opened by Lord Protector [[Richard Cromwell]], with [[Chaloner Chute]] as the Speaker of the House of Commons, with 567 members. "[[Cromwell's Other House]]", which replaces the House of Lords during the last years of the Protectorate, opens on the same day, with Richard Cromwell as its speaker.  
* [[January 31]] &ndash; [[Giovanna De Grandis]] is arrested in [[Rome]] and charged with trafficking the lethal [[Aqua Tofana]] poison. On February 2, she implicates the mastermind of the poisoners, [[Gironima Spana]], starting the case of the [[Spana Prosecution]] that eventually leads to the arrest and trial of 40 people.<ref name=Monson>Craig A. Monson, ''The Black Widows of the Eternal City: The True Story of Rome’s Most Infamous Poisoners'' (University of Michigan Press, 2020)</ref>
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Jan van Riebeeck]] produces the first South African wine, at the Cape of Good Hope.
* [[February 11]] &ndash; The [[Assault on Copenhagen (1659)|Assault on Copenhagen]] by [[Sweden|Swedish]] forces is beaten back, with heavy losses.
* [[February 16]] &ndash; The first known [[cheque]] (400 pounds) is written.<ref>On display at [[Westminster Abbey]].</ref>
* [[March 1]] &ndash; In exile in the Netherlands while plotting the restoration of the monarchy to England, Scotland and Ireland, [[Charles II of England|Charles, son of the late King Charles I]] appoints seven royalists (including six from the "[[Sealed Knot]]" group) to a "Great Trust and Commission" to make plans for a post-restoration government. The Great Trust is led by Charles's trusted advisor, [[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon|Edward Hyde]]. 
* [[March 9]] &ndash; Sir [[Lislebone Long]] is elected as the Speaker of the House of Commons by the [[Third Protectorate Parliament]] after [[Chaloner Chute]] becomes seriously ill. Long serves only six days before dying on March 16. Chute remains Speaker but dies on April 14 and is replaced by [[Thomas Bampfield]].
* [[March 11]] &ndash; Prince [[Dara Shikoh]], who had been the heir apparent to the throne of the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[India]] until the overthrow of his father, [[Shah Jahan]], makes a stand near [[Ajmer]] to fight the armies sent by Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], but loses and is forced to flee.
* [[March 28]] &ndash; The [[Danish Africa Company]] (''Dansk afrikanske kompagni'') is chartered to [[Hendrik Carloff]] for the purpose of capturing Africa slaves from the area around Denmark's colony on the [[Danish Gold Coast]] for use in the West Indies.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 22]] &ndash; Under pressure from the English Army in London, which has assembled troops outside of Westminster, [[Richard Cromwell]], [[Lord Protector]] of England, Scotland and Ireland, dissolves the [[Third Protectorate Parliament]], the last for the Commonwealth.<ref>Henry Reece, ''The Army in Cromwellian England, 1649-1660'' (Oxford University Press, 2013) p. 174</ref>
* [[May 6]] &ndash; English Army General [[Hezekiah Haynes]], joined by officers [[Charles Fleetwood]], [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]], [[James Berry (major-general)|James Berry]], [[Robert Lilburne]], [[Thomas Kelsey]], [[William Goffe]] and [[William Packer (Major-General)|William Packer]], presents the manifesto ''A Declaration of the Officers of the Army'', advocating that Lord Protector Cromwell step down after restoring the "[[Rump Parliament]]" to administer England. Cromwell restores the parliament rule the next day and decides to step down.<ref>David Farr, ''Major-General Hezekiah Haynes and the Failure of Oliver Cromwell’s Godly Revolution, 1594–1704'' (Taylor & Francis, 2020)</ref>
* [[May 21]] &ndash; The [[Kingdom of France]], the [[Commonwealth of England]] and the [[Dutch Republic]] sign the [[Concert of The Hague (1659)|Concert of The Hague]], agreeing a common stance on the [[Second Northern War]].
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Richard Cromwell]] resigns as English [[Lord Protector]], submitting "a letter that may have been dictated to him."<ref>[https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/richard-cromwell-resigns-lord-protector "Richard Cromwell Resigns as Lord Protector: The Lord Protector stood down on May 25th, 1659"], by Richard Cavendish, ''History Today'', May 5, 2009</ref> In the letter, signed by Cromwell in front of Sir Gilbert Pickering and Lord Chief-Justice St. John, "I have perused the Resolve and Declaration, which you were pleased to deliver to me the other Night," and after listing his personal debts to be paid in return for stepping down, "As to that Part of the Resolve, whereby the Committee are to inform themselves, How far I do acquiesce in the Government of this Commonwealth, as it is declared by this Parliament; I trust, my past Carriage hitherto hath manifested my Acquiescence in the Will and Disposition of God; and that I love and value the Peace of this Commonwealth much above my own Concernments: And I desire, that by this, a Measure of my future Deportment may be taken; which, thro' the Assistance of God, shall be such as shall bear the same Witness; having, I hope, in some degree, learned rather to reverence and submit to the Hand of God, than to be unquiet under it: And, as to the late Providences that have fallen out amongst us, however, in respect of the particular Engagements that lay upon me, I could not be active in making a Change in the Government of these Nations, yet through the Goodness of God, I can freely acquiesce in it, being made; and do hold myself obliged."<ref>[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol7/pp664-665 "Richard Cromwell's Renunciation"], ''House of Commons Journal'' (25 May 1659), pp. 664-665, British History Online</ref> The executive government is replaced by the restored Council of State, dominated by Generals John Lambert, Charles Fleetwood and [[John Desborough]]. The Council of State is dismissed by the Rump Parliament on October 13 and replaced by the "Committee of Safety" on October 25.<ref>Timothy Venning, ''Compendium of British Office Holders'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) p. 77</ref>
* [[June 10]] &ndash; [[Dara Shikoh]], at one time the heir apparent for the [[Mughal Empire]], is betrayed by an Afghan chieftain, Junaid Khan Barozai, who had initially given him refuge from pursuit from the new emperor, Aurangzeb. Turned over to Aurangzeb's men, Dara Shikoh is killed on August 30.
* [[June 29]] &ndash; In the [[Battle of Konotop (1659)|Battle of Konotop]], fought near the Ukrainian city of [[Konotop]] during the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–67)|Russo-Polish War]], Polish Cossack ''[[hetman]]'' [[Ivan Vyhovsky]] and his allies defeat the armies of the [[Tsardom of Russia]], led by [[Aleksey Trubetskoy]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 5]] &ndash; Five women are executed by hanging at Rome after being convicted of murder in the [[Spana Prosecution]] by distributing the powerful [[Aqua Tofana]] poison, sold primarily to women wishing to get rid of their husbands. Put to death on the same day are [[Gironima Spana]], [[Giovanna De Grandis]], [[Maria Spinola]], [[Graziosa Farina]] and [[Laura Crispoldi]], in the public square at the [[Campo de' Fiori]].<ref name=Monson/>
* [[July 16]] &ndash; Princess [[Henriette Catherine of Nassau]] marries [[John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau]], in [[Groningen]].
* [[July 31]] &ndash; [[Dodda Kempadevaraja]] (Devaraja Wodeyar I) becomes the new [[maharaja]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (part of modern-day India's [[Karnataka]] state) upon the death of his cousin, [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]]. He is crowned on August 19.
* July &ndash; [[Christiaan Huygens]]'s important work on astronomy, ''Systema Saturnium'', is published.<ref name="Huerta2003">{{cite book|author=Robert D. Huerta|title=Giants of Delft: Johannes Vermeer and the Natural Philosophers : the Parallel Search for Knowledge During the Age of Discovery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIelMWzUR6gC&pg=PA107|year=2003|publisher=Bucknell University Press|isbn=978-0-8387-5538-9|pages=107}}</ref>
* [[August 3]] &ndash; [[Booth's Uprising]], led by [[George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer|George Booth]], begins in the city of [[Chester]] as 3,000 royalists attempt a revolt against the military government of England. English Army troops begin marching on August 5 to suppress the rebellion.  
* [[August 7]] &ndash; As Booth's Uprising spreads to [[Liverpool]], [[Thomas Myddelton (younger)|Thomas Myddelton]], Randolph Egerton and fellow royalists take control of the town of [[Wrexham]] in [[Wales]] and proclaim [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] to be King.
* [[August 15]] &ndash; Two English warships block the entrance to the [[River Dee, Wales|River Dee]] to prevent supplies from reaching Booth's rebels in Chester, while Major General [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]] of the English Army advances into [[Cheshire]] at [[Nantwich]].
* [[August 19]] &ndash; At the [[Battle of Winnington Bridge]], the [[New Model Army|Protectorate Army]] of 5,000 troops, dispatched by Parliament and under the command of Major General Lambert, routs the 4,000 [[Booth's Uprising|anti-government rebels]] commanded by George Booth of England and [[Edward Broughton (Royalist)|Edward Broughton]] of Wales. Lambert and his forces, exhausted from their rapid march and the battle, elect not to pursue the fleeing rebels and less than 30 rebels are killed.<ref>James Atkinson, ''Tracts Relating to the Civil War in Cheshire, 1641–1659; including Sir George Booth's rising in that county'' (The Chetham Society, 1909) pp. 167-172</ref>
* [[August 27]] &ndash; Portuguese Jesuits led by [[António Vieira]] sign the [[Treaty of the Mapuá]] with various indigenous peoples on the [[Marajó Archipelago]] at the mouth of the [[Amazon River]].
* [[August 30]] &ndash; Poland's army of over 12,000 troops under the command of [[Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski]] and [[Krzysztof Grodzicki]], takes back the city of [[Grudziadz]], which has been under Sweden's control since the end of 1655, after a [[Battle of Grudziądz (1659)|siege of seven days]]. Much of the town is left in ruins after a fire and bombardment from Polish cannons.
* [[September 20]] &ndash; War between [[Dutch Republic|Dutch settlers]] and the native [[Lenape people|Lenape]] Indians, of the [[Esopus people|Esopus]] tribe, in modern-day [[Ulster County, New York]], in the U.S., as a group of Dutch settlers from the village of [[Kingston, New York|Wiltwijck]], [[New Netherland]] fires their guns at a group of Esopus men who have been sitting around a campfire. For the next ten months, the Esopus warriors, commanded by Chief Papequanaehen, fight a war with the Dutch that is finally settled with a peace treaty on July 15, 1660.
* [[September 22]] &ndash; The Ottoman-ruled island of [[Kastellorizo|Kizilhisar]] (called Castelrosso by Italy and in modern times the island of Kastellorizo in Greece) is captured from the Ottoman Empire by the navy of the Republic of Venice after nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule that had started in 1512.
* [[September 30]] &ndash; [[Peter Stuyvesant]] of New Netherland forbids tennis playing during religious services, marking the first mention of tennis in what will become the United States.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 12]] &ndash; The English [[Rump Parliament]] dismisses [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]], and other generals.
* [[October 13]] &ndash; General-major [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]] drives out the English Rump-government.
* [[November 7]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]] is signed by representatives of King [[Louis XIV of France]] and King [[Philip IV of Spain]]. Spain agrees to French acquisition of the counties of [[Roussillon]] and [[Upper Cerdanya]] ([[Principality of Catalonia]]) and most of [[Artois]], formally ending the 24-year-long [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]].
* [[November 25]] &ndash; Dutch forces under [[Michiel de Ruyter]] free the Danish city of [[Nyborg]] from Swedish conquest that had taken place earlier in the year.
* [[December 16]] &ndash; General [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|George Monck]] demands free parliamentary elections in Scotland and resolves to overthrow the military government that has ruled the British Isles since 1648.
* [[December 26]] &ndash; The [[Long Parliament]] reforms occur in Westminster.

=== Date unknown ===
* First British colonists arrive on [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha|Saint Helena]].
* Spanish Infanta [[Maria Theresa of Spain|Maria Theresa]] brings [[Hot chocolate|cocoa]] to Paris.
* [[Diego Velázquez]]'s portrait of Infanta Maria Theresa is first exhibited.
* [[Thomas Hobbes]] publishes ''De Homine''.
* Parisian police raid a monastery, sending monks to prison for eating meat and drinking wine during [[Lent]].
* Drought occurs in India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Khadg Singh Valdiya|title=Coping with Natural Hazards: Indian Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhUXtA6qSF4C&pg=PA219|year=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2735-5|pages=219}}</ref>
* Peter Swink, the first known non-white settler to own land in Massachusetts, and first known African to live in Springfield, Massachusetts, arrives. He holds a seat in the town meetings.</onlyinclude>