Editing 1660 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]]
** At daybreak, English Army Colonel [[George Monck]], with two brigades of troops from his Scottish occupational force, fords the [[River Tweed]] at [[Coldstream]] in [[Scotland]] to cross the [[Anglo-Scottish border]] at [[Northumberland]], with a mission of advancing toward [[London]] to end military rule of England by General [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]] and to accomplish the [[English Restoration]],  the return of the monarchy to England.  By the end of the day, he and his soldiers have gone {{convert|15|mi|abbr=on}} through knee-deep snow to [[Wooler]] while the advance guard of cavalry had covered {{convert|50|mi|abbr=on}} to reach [[Morpeth, Northumberland|Morpeth]].<ref name=Fortescue>J. W. Fortescue, ''The History of the British Army''  (Musaicum Books, 2020)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebookofdays.com/months/jan/1.htm|work=Chambers' Book of Days|title=January 1|access-date=2007-12-09| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071217212154/http://www.thebookofdays.com/months/jan/1.htm| archive-date=December 17, 2007<!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref>
**At the same time, rebels within the [[New Model Army]] under the command of Colonel [[Thomas Fairfax]] take control of [[York]] and await the arrival of Monck's troops.<ref name=Gardner>''The History of Nations: England'', by Samuel R. Gardner (John D. Morris and Company, 1906)  p. 374-275</ref> 
** [[Samuel Pepys]], a 36-year-old member of the [[Parliament of England]], begins keeping a diary that later provides a detailed insight into daily life and events in 17th century England.  He continues until May 31, 1669, when worsening eyesight leads him to quit.  .<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>  Pepys starts with a preliminary note, "Blessed be God, at the end of the last year I was in very good health, without any sense of my old pain but upon taking of cold. I lived in Axe-yard, having my wife and servant Jane, and no more in family than us three."  For his first note on "January 1. 1659/60 Lords-day", he notes "This morning (we lying lately in the garret) I rose, put on my suit with great skirts, having not lately worn any other clothes but them," followed by recounting his attendance at the Exeter-house church in London.<ref>Samuel Pepys, ''The Diary of Samuel Pepys, Vol. 1'', transcribed and edited by Robert Latham and William Matthews (University of California Press, 1970) p. 3</ref>
* [[January 6]] &ndash; The [[Rump Parliament]] passes a resolution requesting Colonel Monck to come to London "as speedily as he could", followed by a resolution of approval on January 12 and a vote of thanks and annual payment of 1,000 pounds sterling for his lifetime on January 16.<ref name=Guizot>François Guizot, translated by Andrew R. Scoble, ''Monk, Or, The Fall of the Republic and the Restoration of the Monarchy in England, in 1660'' (Henry G. Bohn, 1851) pp.64-69</ref> 
* [[January 11]] &ndash; Colonel Monck and Colonel Fairfax rendezvous at [[York]] and then prepare to proceed southward toward London. gathering deserters from Lambert's army along the way.<ref name=Gardner/>
* [[January 16]] &ndash; With 4,000 infantry and 1,800 cavalry ("an army sufficient to overawe, without exciting suspicion"),<ref name=Guizot/> Colonel Monck marches southward toward Nottingham, with a final destination of London. Colonel [[Sir Thomas Morgan, 1st Baronet|Thomas Morgan]] is dispatched back to Scotland with two regiments of cavalry to reinforce troops there.
* [[January 31]] &ndash; The Rump Parliament confirms the promotion of Colonel George Monck to the rank of General and he receives the commission of rank while at [[St Albans]].<ref name=Fortescue/>
* [[February 3]] &ndash; General George Monck, at the head of his troops, enters London on horseback, accompanied by his principal officers and the commissioners of the Rump Parliament.  Bells ring as they pass but the crowds in the streets are unenthusiastic and the troops are "astonished at meeting with so different a reception to that which they had received elsewhere during their march.".<ref name=Guizot/><ref name=CBH187188>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=187–188|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Charles XI of Sweden|Charles XI]] becomes king of [[Sweden]] at the age of five, upon the death of his father, [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustavus]].
* [[February 26]] &ndash; The [[Rump Parliament]], under pressure from General Monck, votes to call back all of the surviving members of the group of 231 MPs who had been [[Pride's Purge|removed from the House of Commons]] in 1648 so that the [[Long Parliament]] can be reassembled long enough for a full Parliament to approve elections for a new legislative body.<ref name=Gardner/>
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[John Thurloe]] is reinstated as England's [[Secretary of State (England)|Secretary of State]], having been deprived of his offices late in the previous year.
* [[March 3]] &ndash; General [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]], who had attempted to stop the Restoration, is arrested and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]].  He escapes on April 9 but is recaptured on April 24.  Though spared the death penalty for treason in 1662, he remains incarcerated on the island of Guernsey for the rest of his life until his death at age 64 on March 1, 1684.<ref name=F.W.C.>"Lambert, John (1619—1694)", by F. Warre Cornish, ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', Ninth Edition, Volume 14 (Henry G. Allen Company, 1890) p. 236-237</ref>
* [[March 16]] &ndash; The [[Long Parliament]], after having been reassembled for the first time in more than 11 years, votes for its own dissolution and calls for new elections for what will become the [[Convention Parliament (1660)|Convention Parliament]] to make the return from republic to monarchy.<ref name=Gardner/>
* [[March 31]] &ndash; The war in the West Indies between the indigenous [[Kalinago|Carib]] people, and the [[France|French]] [[Jesuit]]s and [[England|English]] people who have colonized the islands, is ended with a treaty signed at [[Basse-Terre]] at [[Guadeloupe]] at the residence of the French Governor, [[Charles Houël du Petit Pré]].<ref>Christopher Taylor, ''The Black Carib Wars: Freedom, Survival, and the Making of the Garifuna'' (University Press of Mississippi, 2012)</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 2]] &ndash; The [[Merces baronets]], a [[British nobility]] title is created.<ref>{{cite web |title= Leigh Rayment's list of baronets |url=http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021184256/http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm |archive-date=21 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[April 4]] &ndash; The [[Declaration of Breda]], signed by [[Charles II of England|Charles Stuart, son of the late King Charles I of England]], promises amnesty, freedom of conscience, and army back pay, in return for support for the [[English Restoration]].<ref name=CBH187188/> The Declaration is read to the new parliament on May 1.<ref name=Gardner/>
* [[April 25]] &ndash; The [[Convention Parliament (1660)|Convention Parliament]], a new House of Commons for England, freely elected with no requirement for candidates to swear loyalty to the [[Commonwealth of England]], assembles in London to work out the restoration of the monarchy.<ref name=Gardner/>
* [[May 1]] &ndash; The Convention Parliament votes to welcome the Declaration of Breda and unanimously approves a resolution for England declaring that "according to the ancient and fundamental laws of this kingdom, the Government is, and ought to be, by Kings, Lords and Commons."<ref name=Gardner/>  
* [[May 3]] &ndash; In the [[Treaty of Oliva]], peace is made between the [[Swedish Empire]], the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], the [[Habsburgs]] and [[Brandenburg-Prussia]].
* [[May 8]] &ndash; In exile in the Netherlands, Prince Charles Stuart receives word that the [[Parliament of England]] has declared his elevation to the throne as King [[Charles II of England]].<ref name=Keay>Anna Keay, ''The Magnificent Monarch: Charles II and the Ceremonies of Power'' (Bloomsbury, 2008) p. 81</ref>  
* [[May 14]] &ndash; The Irish Parliament declares Charles to be King of Ireland.
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[John Thurloe]] is arrested for [[high treason]], for his support of [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s regime.
* [[May 21]] &ndash; The Desormeaux caravan and 300 Iroquois die in explosion at Long Sault.

* [[May 23]] &ndash; With the way cleared for his return to England, King Charles II ends his exile at [[the Hague]] in the Netherlands and departs from [[Scheveningen]] harbor on the English ship [[English ship Naseby (1655)|''Naseby'']], renamed for the occasion HMS ''Royal Charles '', as part of a fleet of English warships brought by Admiral Edward Montagu.<ref name=Keay/> On commemorative memorabilia in the Netherlands, the date of Charles's departure is listed as June 2, 1660, the date on the Gregorian calendar used in continental Europe but not in England.
* [[May 25]] &ndash; King Charles II lands at [[Dover]].<ref name=Keay/><ref>{{cite web|title=Friday 25 May 1660|url=http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1660/05/25/|work=The Diary of Samuel Pepys|date=May 26, 2003 |access-date=2011-08-24}}</ref>
* [[May 27]]
**The [[Treaty of Copenhagen (1660)|Treaty of Copenhagen]] is signed, marking the conclusion of the [[Second Northern War]]. Sweden returns [[Trøndelag]] to Norway, and [[Bornholm]] to Denmark.
**[[William Morice (Secretary of State)|William Morice]] takes office as the first [[Secretary of State for the Northern Department]] in Great Britain, with responsibility for conducting foreign relations with the [[Netherlands]], [[Scandinavia]], [[Poland]], [[Russia]], and the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Relations with [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Switzerland]], the [[Italian states]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]] are assigned to the Secretary of State for the Southern Department.<ref name=Thomason>{{cite book |title=The Secretaries of State: 1681-1782 |first=Mark A. |last=Thomson |url=https://archive.org/details/secretariesofsta0000thom/page/2/mode/2up |publisher=Frank Cass |location=London |year=1932 |pages=2–3}}</ref> The position will eventually evolve into the office of the [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]].<ref name=FCO>{{cite journal |author1=FCO Historians |title=The FCO: Policy, People and Places (1782-1995) |date=April 1991 |issue=2 |page=1 |url=https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/history_notes_cover_hphn_2 |series=History Notes |publisher=Foreign and Commonwealth Office}}</ref>
* [[May 29]] &ndash; King [[Charles II of England]] arrives in London and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the [[English Restoration]].<ref name=CBH187188/>
* [[June 1]]
**The office of [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department]] begins operations in the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], with responsibility for the colonies of [[British America]] in what will later become Canada and the United States, as well as for [[Ireland]] and for the [[Channel Islands]].<ref name=Thomason/> Sir [[Edward Nicholas]], a former British Secretary of State, takes office as the first Southern Department secretary.
**[[Mary Dyer]] is hanged for defying a law banning Quakers from the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].
* [[June 29]] &ndash; [[John Thurloe]] is released from custody.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 13]] &ndash; (Ashadh Vadya 1 of Shaka 1582) The [[Battle of Pavan Khind]] takes place in India when a 600-member contingent of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] army, commanded by [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]], works to rescue Maratha General [[Shivaji]], who had escaped the night before from the fort of [[Panhala]], which was under siege by the [[Adilshah|Adilshah Sultanate]].  The [[Bijapur Sultanate]], commanded by [[Siddi Masud]] with a force of 10,000 men, loses 5,000 in a fight against a vastly outnumbered contingent of Adilshah.<ref>Jann Tibbetts, ''50 Great Military Leaders of All Time'' (Vij Books, 2016)</ref> 
* [[July 24]] &ndash; The [[Great Fire of 1660]] begins in [[Constantinople]], capital of the [[Ottoman Empire]] (now [[Istanbul]] in [[Turkey]], and destroys two-thirds of the city over two consecutive days, consuming 280,000 buildings and killing 40,000 people.<ref>Jerzy Zdanowski, ''Middle Eastern Societies in the 20th Century'' (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014) p. 239</ref>
* [[July]] &ndash; [[Richard Cromwell]], the last [[Lord Protector of England]] during its years as a republic, leaves the British Isles quietly and goes into exile in France, taking on an alias as "John Clarke".<ref>Nick Lipscombe, ''The English Civil War An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1639–51'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020) p.23</ref>
* [[August 19]] &ndash;  Dr Edward Stanley preaches a sermon in the nave of [[Winchester Cathedral]], to commemorate the return of the Chapter, following the [[English Restoration]].
* [[August 29]] &ndash; The [[Indemnity and Oblivion Act]], officially "An Act of Free and General Pardon, Indemnity, and Oblivion" is given royal assent.<ref>[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol11/pp146-148#h3-0007 "House of Lords Journal Volume 11: 29 August 1660"], British History Online website</ref> as a general pardon for everyone who had committed crimes during the English Civil War and Interregnum (with the exception of certain crimes such as murder, piracy, buggery, rape and witchcraft, and people named in the act such as those involved in the regicide of Charles I). It also said that no action was to be taken against those involved at any later time, and that the Interregnum was to be legally forgotten. 
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[Grigore I Ghica]] becomes the new [[List of rulers of Wallachia|Prince of Wallachia]] (now in Romania)
* [[September 14]] &ndash; The 13-day long [[Battle of Lyubar]] begins at [[Liubar]] (now in [[Ukraine]]) during the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)|Russo-Polish War]] between soldiers of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] against [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] and ends with a victory by Poland.
* [[September 16]] &ndash; [[Juan Francisco Leiva y de la Cerda]] arrives in [[Mexico City]]  as the new Viceroy of [[New Spain]].
* [[September 25]] &ndash; [[Samuel Pepys]] has his first cup of [[Tea in the United Kingdom|tea]] (an event recorded in his diary).<ref name="Pocket On This Day"/>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 13]] &ndash; The [[Rigsraad]] (''High Council'') of Denmark is abolished and [[Denmark-Norway]] becomes an [[absolute monarchy]] as King [[Frederik III]] is recognized by the nobility as being entitled to have his throne passed to his descendants by [[hereditary monarchy]].<ref>Knud J. V. Jespersen, ''A History of Denmark'' (Macmillan Press, 2018) p. 54</ref><ref>Elise C. Otté, ''Denmark and Iceland'' (Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1881) pp. 107-108</ref>
* [[October 13]] to [[October 19]] &ndash; Ten of the 57 "[[List of regicides of Charles I|regicides]]" who signed the death warrant of [[Charles I of England]] in 1649 are executed over a period of one week, mostly at [[Charing Cross]] by being [[hanged, drawn and quartered]], a process which includes being disemboweled (in some cases before they have died) and then and burned.  The first to die is [[Thomas Harrison (soldier)|Thomas Harrison]], a leader of the [[Fifth Monarchists]].  He is followed by [[John Carew (regicide)|John Carew]] (October 15); [[John Cook (regicide)|John Cook]] and [[Hugh Peter]] (October 16);  ([[Adrian Scrope]], [[John Moore (regicide)|John Moore]], [[Gregory Clement]] and [[Thomas Scot]]) (October 17); and [[Daniel Axtell]] and [[Francis Hacker]] (October 19).
* [[November 28]] &ndash; At [[Gresham College]] in London, twelve men, including [[Christopher Wren]], [[Robert Boyle]], [[John Wilkins]], and Sir [[Robert Moray]] meet after a lecture by Wren, and decide to found "a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning" (later known as the [[Royal Society]]).
* [[December 8]] &ndash; The first English actress appears on the professional stage in England in a non-singing role, as [[Desdemona]] in ''[[Othello]]'' at [[Gibbon's Tennis Court|Vere Street Theatre]] in London, following the reopening of the theatres (various opinions have been advanced that the actress was [[Margaret Hughes]], [[Anne Marshall]] or [[Katherine Corey]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Hutchinson Factfinder|publisher=Helicon|year=1999|isbn=1-85986-000-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Elizabeth|last=Howe|title=The First English Actresses: Women and Drama, 1660&ndash;1700|url=https://archive.org/details/firstenglishactr0000howe|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|page=[https://archive.org/details/firstenglishactr0000howe/page/24 24]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Rosamond|last=Gilder|title=Enter the Actress: The First Women in the Theatre|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1931|page=166}}</ref>  Historian Elizabeth Howe notes, however, that both [[William Davenant]] and [[Thomas Killigrew]] had women in their acting companies before 1660, and that Anne Marshall might be just one of the first rather than the actual first.<ref>"The Vere Street Desdemona: ''Othello'' and the Theatrical Englishwoman, 1602—1660", by Clare McManus, in ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance'' (Bloomsbury, 2013) p. 222</ref>
* [[December 15]] &ndash; Andres Malong, a native chieftain of the town of [[San Carlos, Pangasinan|Binalatongan]] (now San Carlos) in the Philippines, leads a successful revolt against the Spanish colonial administrators to liberate [[Pangasinan]].<ref name=Constantino>Renato Constantino and Letizia R. Constantino, ''A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War'' (Monthly Review Press, 1975) p. 95</ref> He is proclaimed the King of Pangasinan, but the rebellion is suppressed on January 17, 1661,<ref name=Constantino/> and Pangasinan is reconquered by February.
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Royal African Company|The Company of the Royal Adventurers into Africa]], planned by [[James II of England|Prince James, brother of King Charles II]] to capture persons along the coast of [[West Africa]] for resale as slaves, receives its charter.  Prince James, later King James II, had started asking for investors (at 250 pounds sterling per share) starting on October 3, 1660.<ref>George Frederick Zook, ''The Company of Royal Adventurers Trading Into Africa'', reprinted from ''The Journal of Negro History'' (April 1919), reprinted by The New Era Printing Company, 1919) p. 8</ref>
* [[December 29]] &ndash; The [[Convention Parliament (1660)|Convention Parliament]] is dissolved by King Charles II and elections are called for what will be called the [[Cavalier Parliament]].<ref name=Gardner/>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Blaise Pascal]]'s ''[[Lettres provinciales]]'', a defense of the [[Jansenism|Jansenist]] [[Antoine Arnauld]], is ordered to be shredded and burned by King [[Louis XIV of France]].
* The [[Carib Expulsion|Expulsion of the Carib]] indigenous people from [[Martinique]] is carried out by French occupying forces.
* [[Hopkins School]] is founded in New Haven, Connecticut.
* A permanent standing army is established in [[Prussia]].
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