Editing 1678 (section)

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 10]] &ndash; England and the Dutch Republic sign a mutual defense treaty in order to fight against France.
* [[January 27]] &ndash; The first [[fire engine]] company in [[North America]] goes into service in [[Boston]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cannon|first=Donald J.|title=The Chronicle of Early American Industries |date=1944 |publisher=Early American Industries Association |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYaP8OqlTs4C&q=1678 |access-date=11 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 18]] &ndash; The first part of English [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]] preacher [[John Bunyan]]'s [[Christianity|Christian]] [[allegory]] ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'' is published in London.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Bookworm: An Illustrated Treasury of Old-time Literature |date=1888 |publisher=Harvard University |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxsDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=11 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[Thomas Shadwell]]'s comedy ''[[A True Widow]]'' is given its first performance, at [[Dorset Garden Theatre|The Duke's Theatre]] in London, staged by the [[Duke's Company]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dryden |first1=John |title=The Poetical Works of John Dryden: Edited with a Memoir, Revised Text, and Notes |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan and Company |page=437 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCMRAAAAYAAJ&dq=A+True+Widow+march+21+1678+dorset+garden+theatre&pg=PA437 |access-date=11 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Revolt of the Three Feudatories]] in [[southern China]]: rebel general [[Wu Sangui]], lord of the [[Yunnan]] fief, takes the imperial crown, names himself monarch of "The Great Zhou", based in the [[Hunan]] province, with [[Hengyang]] as his capital. He contracts dysentery over the summer and dies on October 2, ending the rebellion against the [[Kangxi Emperor]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Romantics, Stoics and Martyrs|first=Frederic|last=Wakeman|journal=Journal of Asian Studies|date=August 1984|pages=631–665|doi=10.2307/2057148 |jstor=2057148 }} Repr. in ''Telling Chinese History: A Selection of Essays''. University of California Press, 2009. p. 123.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Atwill|first=David G.|title=The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856-1873|year=2005|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5159-9|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Da2M_viEclEC&q=1678&pg=PP17|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
* [[March 25]] &ndash; The [[Spanish Netherlands]] city of [[Ypres]] falls after [[Siege of Ypres (1678)|a seven-day siege]] by the French Army. It is later returned to the Netherlands and eventually becomes part of [[Belgium]].
* [[March 28]] &ndash; The [[nova]] [[V529 Orionis]] is discovered by Polish astronomer [[Johannes Hevelius]] (Jan Heweliusz).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schmidtobreick |first1=L. |last2=Tappert |first2=C. |last3=Bianchini |first3=A. |last4=Mennickent |first4=R. E. |title=Spectroscopic analysis of tremendous-outburst-nova candidates |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=27 October 2004 |volume=432 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20041371 |s2cid=18168602 |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full/2005/10/aa1371/aa1371.html |access-date=11 March 2023|doi-access=free |arxiv=astro-ph/0411198 }}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 2]] &ndash; [[Ignatius Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin]] is enthroned as the Patriarch of the [[Syriac Catholic Church]] in [[Aleppo]], after receiving recognition by Ottoman Sultan [[Mehmed IV]] and by [[Pope Innocent XI]].
* [[April 12]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Casco (1678)|Treaty of Casco Bay]] is signed between officials of the [[Province of New York]] and the [[Penobscot]] tribe and the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]], bringing an end to further fighting that has happened in the two years since the end of [[King Philip's War]] in the modern-day U.S. state of [[Maine]]. Under the terms of the treaty, English settlers pay rent to the Penobscots and are given back farm land that had been confiscated in the war, while the English settlers agree to respect the Penobscot land rights.<ref>"Casco, Treaty of", by Jaime Ramon Olivares, in ''The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History'', ed. by Spencer Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p. 134</ref> 
* [[May 11]] &ndash; French admiral [[Jean II d'Estrées|Jean d'Estrees]] runs his whole fleet aground in either the [[Las Aves Archipelago]] or [[Isla de Aves]], intending to reach [[Curaçao]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schotte |first1=Margaret E. |title=Sailing School: Navigating Science and Skill, 1550-1800 |date=30 July 2019 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-2954-0 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umigDwAAQBAJ&dq=jean+d%27estrees+%22may+11+1678%22&pg=PA85 |access-date=12 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[June 10]] &ndash; French [[buccaneer]] [[Michel de Grammont]] arrives at Spanish-held [[Venezuela]] with six pirate ships, 13 smaller craft, and 2,000 men in a daring raid on the South American territory, then leads half of his force inward toward [[Maracaibo]], which he takes on June 14. During the rest of the month, he and his soldiers march inland as far as [[Trujillo, Trujillo|Trujillo]]. Grammont and his pirates finally depart on December 3.<ref>David Marley, ''Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere'' (ABC-CLIO, 2008) p. 289</ref>
* [[June 25]] &ndash; [[Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia]] becomes the first woman to be awarded a university degree, a doctorate in philosophy from the [[University of Padua]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grendler |first1=Paul F. |title=The Universities of the Italian Renaissance |date=3 November 2004 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press+ORM |isbn=978-1-4214-0423-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcmTz4j-XIIC&dq=Elena+Cornaro+Piscopia+25+june+1678+doctor+of+philosophy&pg=PT46 |chapter=Padua after 1509|access-date=12 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 23]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Ortenbach]], one of the last major engagements of the [[Franco-Dutch War]], takes place near [[Offenburg]] at the [[Rhine]] river in southwestern Germany, as French forces under the command of [[François de Créquy]] overwhelm a larger force of [[Holy Roman Empire]] troops commanded by the [[Duke of Lorraine]], [[Charles V, Duke of Lorraine|Karl V Leopold]].
* [[July 29]] &ndash; [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] is appointed as the Mughal Governor of Bengal by his father, the Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], but serves for a little more than a year before being recalled from [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Banerji |first1=Amiya Kumar |title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Hooghly |date=1972 |publisher=West Bengal District Gazetteers |page=122 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08795/page/122/mode/2up?q=1678 |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[August 10]] &ndash; The [[Treaties of Nijmegen]] end the [[Franco-Dutch War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nolan |first1=Cathal J. |title=Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization|date=30 July 2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35920-0 |page=319 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn_61ts-hQwC&dq=%22august+10+1678%22+treaties+of+nijmegen+end+franco-dutch+war&pg=PA319 |access-date=11 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The [[County of Burgundy]] is ceded to the [[Kingdom of France]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Horne |first1=Alistair |title=La Belle France: A Short History |date=2005 |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-1-4000-4140-4 |page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZ7tAAAAMAAJ&q=franche |access-date=11 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 14]]&ndash;[[August 15|15]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Saint-Denis (1678)|Battle of Saint-Denis]] is fought after the signing of peace in the Franco-Dutch War.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goeth |first1=Aurora von |last2=Harper |first2=Jules |title=Louis XIV: The Real Sun King |date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-5267-2640-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALTNDwAAQBAJ&q=Battle%20of%20Saint-Denis%20%2214-15%20august%201678%22 |chapter=The Dutch War|access-date=13 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[August 21]] &ndash; On the island of [[Java]] in modern-day Indonesia, the [[Kediri campaign (1678)|Kediri campaign]] begins as [[Mataram Sultanate]] and [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) forces under the command of VOC Captain [[François Tack]] begin marching from [[Jepara]] toward [[Kediri (city)|Kediri]] to suppress the [[Trunajaya rebellion]] that had driven out the Mataram Sultan. They are joined by two other columns of troops over the next fortnight.
* [[September 5]] &ndash; Sultan [[Amangkurat II]] of Mataram sets off from Jepara with the main force in the [[Kediri campaign (1678)|Kediri campaign]], leading native troops, along with VOC forces under the command of [[Anthonio Hurdt]], leader of the campaign.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ricklefs |first1=Merle Calvin |title=War, culture, and economy in Java, 1677-1726 : Asian and European imperialism in the early Kartasura period |date=1993 |publisher=Asian Studies Association of Australia |location=Sydney |isbn=978-1-86373-380-9 |page=50 |url=https://archive.org/details/warcultureeconom0000rick/page/50/mode/2up?q=september |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[September 6]] &ndash; [[Titus Oates]] begins to present allegations of the "[[Popish Plot]]", a supposed [[Roman Catholic]] conspiracy to assassinate king [[Charles II of England]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sommerville |first1=C. John |title=The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information |date=5 September 1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535549-9 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBNxkaov5GkC&dq=titus+oates+%226+september+1678%22+popish+plot&pg=PA88 |access-date=13 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Oates applies the term [[Toryism|Tory]] to those who disbelieve his allegations.
* [[September 17]] &ndash; The [[Franco-Dutch War]] between the [[Kingdom of France]] and the [[Dutch Republic]] (and its allies) comes to an end after more than six years as the [[Treaties of Nijmegen]] bring about a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite book|last=Edmundson|first=George|title=History of Holland|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-66089-2|page=265|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rbk0AAAAQBAJ&q=%22september%2017%201678%22|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 17]] &ndash; English magistrate Sir [[Edmund Berry Godfrey]] is found murdered in [[Primrose Hill]], [[London]].<ref name="GF">{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Andrew |title=The Valet's Tragedy: And Other Studies |date=1903 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company |isbn=978-0-404-03865-6 |pages=55–56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgHHAAAAMAAJ&dq=Edmund+Berry+Godfrey+%22october+17+1678%22&pg=RA1-PA55 |access-date=13 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> His death is seen as proof of the "[[Popish Plot]]" to the public.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kenyon |first1=J. P. (John Philipps) |title=The Popish Plot |date=1972 |publisher=London, Heinemann |isbn=978-0-434-38850-9 |pages=77–78 |url=https://archive.org/details/popishplot0000keny/page/76/mode/2up?q=encourage |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[November 11]] (November 1 O.S.) &ndash; England's House of Commons votes to begin impeachment proceedings against five Roman Catholic members of the House of Lords, [[William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford|Viscount Stafford]], the [[William Herbert, 1st Marquess of Powis|Marquess of Powis]], [[Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour|Baron Arundell]], [[William Petre, 4th Baron Petre|Baron Petre]] and [[John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse|Baron Belasyse]] accused by Protestant members as participating in a "[[Popish Plot]]". Viscount Stafford is convicted and executed, while the other four are imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] for more than five years.
* [[November 25]] &ndash; The [[Kediri campaign (1678)|Kediri campaign]] is successfully concluded in Indonesia as [[Anthonio Hurdt]] and Sultan [[Amangkurat II]] capture Kediri and force the rebel Prince Trunajaya to flee.  
* [[November 26]] &ndash; William Staley, an English banker and a Roman Catholic, becomes the first person to be executed in connection with the "[[Popish Plot]]" arrests.<ref>{{cite book |title=New Catholic World |date=1920 |publisher=Paulist Press |page=313 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzU7AQAAMAAJ&dq=william+staley+%22november+26+1678%22&pg=PA313 |access-date=13 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Foley |first1=Henry |title=Records of the English province of the Society of Jesus ... in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries |date=1875 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_8UAAAAQAAJ&dq=william+staley+%22november+26+1678%22&pg=PA95 |access-date=13 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 1]] &ndash; The [[Test Act#1678 Act|Test Act]] provides that members of both the [[House of Lords]] and [[House of Commons of England]] must swear an [[Anti-Catholicism|anti-Catholic]] oath, before taking office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles II, 1678: (Stat. 2.) An Act for the more effectuall preserving the Kings Person and Government by disableing Papists from sitting in either House of Parlyament. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp894-896|quote=That from and after the First Day of December which shall be in the yeare of our Lord God One thousand six hundred seaventy and eight |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* About 1,200 Irish families sail from [[Barbados]] to [[Virginia]] and the [[Province of Carolina|Carolinas]].
* In [[Ireland]], the vacant [[Bishop of Leighlin|Bishopric of Leighlin]] is given to the [[Bishop of Kildare]] in commendam; it will later be formed into the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Archdioceses and dioceses of Ireland |date=2000 |publisher=Veritas |location=Dublin |isbn=978-1-85390-580-3 |page=78 |url=https://archive.org/details/archdiocesesdioc0000unse/page/78/mode/2up?q=1678 |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref></onlyinclude>