Editing 1680 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 2]] &ndash; King [[Amangkurat II]] of [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]] (located on the island of Java, part of modern-day Indonesia), invites [[Trunajaya]], who had led [[Trunajaya rebellion|a failed rebellion]] against him until his surrender on December 26, for a ceremonial visit to the royal palace. After Trunajaya arrives, King Amangkurat stabs his guest to death.  
* [[January 24]] &ndash;  [[William Harris (settler)|William Harris]], one of the four English [[Puritans]] who established the [[Plymouth Colony]] and then the [[Providence Plantations]] at [[Rhode Island]] in 1636, is captured by Algerian pirates, when his ship is boarded while he is making a voyage back to England.  After being sold into slavery on February 23, he remains a slave until ransom is paid.  He dies in 1681, three days after his return to England.
* [[February 12]] &ndash; The [[Charles Colbert, marquis de Croissy|Marquis de Croissy]], Charles Colbert, becomes France's Minister of Foreign Affairs and serves for 16 years until his death, when he is succeeded as Foreign Minister by his son [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquess of Torcy|Jean-Baptiste Colbert]].
* [[February 16]] &ndash; Rev. [[Ralph Davenant]]'s will provides for foundation of the [[Davenant Foundation School]] for poor boys in [[Whitechapel]], in the [[East End]] of London.<ref>James Peller Malcolm, ''Londinium Redivivum, or, An Ancient History and Modern Description of London'' (J. Nichols, 1807) p. 433</ref>
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[La Voisin|Catherine Deshayes Monvoisin]], a fortune teller in [[France]] who organized a ring of killers in what became known as the "[[Affair of the Poisons]]" that killed at least 1,000 people, is burned at the stake after being convicted of witchcraft.  In all, 36 people are executed for their role in the poisoning.  
* [[February 24]] &ndash; The German [[Saxe-Coburg|Duchy of Saxe-Coburg]] is divided by treaty among the sons of the late [[Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha]], who had died in 1675.  The oldest son, [[Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|Frederick]], receives Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.  The rest is divided among [[Albert V, Duke of Saxe-Coburg|Albert]] (Duke of Saxe-Coburg); [[Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard]] (Saxe-Meiningen); [[Henry, Duke of Saxe-Römhild|Henry]] (Saxe-Römhild); [[Christian, Duke of Saxe-Eisenberg|Christian]] (Saxe-Eisenberg); [[Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Ernest]] (Saxe-Hildburghausen); and [[John Ernest IV, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|John Ernest]] (Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld).
* [[March 24]] &ndash; The [[Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury|Earl of Shaftesbury]] informs the [[Privy Council of England]] that the Roman Catholics of Ireland were about to launch a rebellion, backed by France.  The investigation leads to the arrest and ultimate execution of the Roman Catholic [[Archbishop of Armagh]], [[Oliver Plunkett]]. 
* [[March 25]] &ndash; Troops sent by the Sultan of Morocco, [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]], begin a blockade of the port of [[English Tangier|Tangier]], occupied by the English and located on the North African coast. [[Palmes Fairborne]] is dispatched to defend Tangier as the colonial governor and commander-in-chief of English forces.
* [[March 27]] &ndash; The [[London Penny Post]] delivery service begins operations after being created by [[Robert Murray (financier)|Robert Murray]] and [[William Dockwra]], with a policy of delivering letters to any part of London or its suburbs for the price of one [[History of the English penny (1603–1707)|English penny]].
* [[March 30]] &ndash; A [[List of solar eclipses in the 17th century|total eclipse of the Sun]] takes place and is visible over central Africa, with totality over the [[Opala Territory]] in the modern-day [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 21]] &ndash; Prince [[Rajaram I|Rajaram Bhosle]], the 10-year-old son of the [[Shivaji]], the [[Chhatrapati]] (Emperor) of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] in India, is installed on the throne as the new Emperor, less than three weeks after the death of his father. [[Sambhaji|Sambhaji Bhosle]], the eldest son of Shivaji, learns the news while imprisoned at [[Panhala]] and makes plans to escape prison and take over the throne.
* [[April 27]] &ndash; Prince Sambhaji and fellow prisoners kill the commander of the Panhala prison and take control of the fort, as he makes plans to become ruler of the Maratha Empire.
* [[April 30]] &ndash; The first [[France|French]] [[Huguenots]] in the New World arrive at Charleston, South Carolina, as 45 of the religious exiles arrive at Oyster Point on the ship ''Richmond'', after being sent there by King [[Charles II of England]].<ref>Edward G. Lilly, ed., ''Historic Churches of Charleston, South Carolina'' (Legerton Publishing, 1966) p. 29</ref>
* [[May 6]] &ndash; [[Charles XI of Sweden|King Charles XI]] of [[Sweden]] marries [[Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark|Princess Elonora]], daughter of the late King [[Frederick III of Denmark|Frederick III of Denmark-Norway]] and sister of [[Christian V of Denmark|King Christian V]].
* [[May]] &ndash; The volcano [[Krakatoa]] erupts, probably on a relatively small scale.
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi]] becomes the new [[Shōgun]] of [[Japan]] upon the death of his older brother, [[Tokugawa Ietsuna]], who had been shōgun for 29 years.
* [[June 10]] &ndash; England and Spain sign a mutual defense treaty.<ref>"William III, Brandenburg, and the anti-French coalition", by Wouter Troost, in ''The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact'', ed. by Jonathan I. Israel (Cambridge University Press, 2003) p. 315</ref>
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth Cellier]], an English Catholic midwife, is tried and acquitted of treason for pamphleting against the government.
* [[June 16]] &ndash; [[Sambhaji|Sambhaji Bhosle]] and his troops capture [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]], the capital of the [[Maratha Empire]] and Sambhaji becomes the new [[Chhatrapati]] or Emperor.  Sambhaji deposes his younger brother [[Rajaram I]] and places Rajaram and Rajaram's mother under house arrest.
* [[June 22]] &ndash; The [[Sanquhar Declaration]], written by [[Richard Cameron (Covenanter)|Richard Cameron]], leader of the [[Covenanters]] who oppose the control of religion in Scotland by [[Charles II of England|King Charles]], is read aloud by Richard's brother Michael Cameron at the public square in the village of [[Sanquhar]] in [[Dumfriesshire]].
* [[June 30]] &ndash; During the [[Spanish Inquisition]], an [[auto-da-fé]] takes place in the [[Plaza Mayor, Madrid]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 8]] &ndash; The first documented [[tornado]] in America kills a servant at [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].
* [[August 10]] &ndash; A [[Puebloans|Pueblo]] medicine man named Popé begins an attack by the Puebloans and their Apache allies on Spanish outposts throughout what is the modern-day U.S. state of [[New Mexico]], choosing the campaign to begin before a supply caravan can reach the Spaniards.<ref name=Meschke>"Pueblo Revolt", by Amy Meschke, in ''Encyclopedia of Leadership'' (Sage Publications, 2004) p. 1277</ref>
* [[August 20]] (August 10 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; The settlement of [[Karlskrona]] in Sweden is founded,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blt.se/karlskrona/grattis-karlskrona-337-ar/|title=Grattis Karlskrona, 337 år!|publisher=Blekinge läns tidning|language=sv|date=10 August 2017|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> as the [[Royal Swedish Navy]] relocates there.
* [[August 21]] &ndash; In the [[Pueblo Revolt]], the native [[Puebloans|Pueblo people]] capture [[Santa Fe (New Mexico)|Santa Fe]] (now in New Mexico) from the [[Spain|Spanish]] colonists.
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Comédie-Française]] is founded by decree of [[Louis XIV of France]] as ''La maison de Molière'' in [[Paris]].
* [[September 15]]
**A four month truce between [[England]] and [[Morocco]] expires and the Alcaid Omar, Viceroy of Morocco, begins a bombardment of the English fort at [[Tangier]].<ref>John Childs, ''General Percy Kirke and the Later Stuart Army'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014) p. 35</ref>
**A [[Capitulation (treaty)|treaty]] is concluded between the Dutch Republic and the Ottoman Empire for Ottoman Sultan [[Mehmed IV]] and his subjects to apply Dutch law to Dutch visitors to Ottoman territory.<ref>"The peace treaties of the Ottoman Empire with European Christian powers", by Karl-Heinz Ziegler, in ''Peace Treaties and International Law in European History: From the Late Middle Ages to World War One'', ed. by Randall Lesaffer (Cambridge University Press, 2004) p. 349</ref>
* [[September 21]] &ndash; Spanish troops make a counterattack on [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] in the modern-day U.S. state of New Mexico, allowing the remaining Spanish troops in the besieged city to flee to [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] (now in Texas).<ref name=Meschke/>
* [[September 30]] &ndash; [[Robert Boyle]], having rediscovered the process of manufacturing [[phosphorus]] from bone ash, deposits his summary of the directions with [[Royal Society|The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge]].<ref>N.C. Datta, ''The Story of Chemistry'' (Universities Press, 2005)  p. 74</ref>  Boyle's assistant, [[Ambrose Godfrey]], later develops Boyle's discovery to produce phosphorus commercially.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 9]] &ndash;  A massive 9.0 magnitude {{M|w|link=y}} earthquake destroys part of [[Málaga]] and other cities in the [[Province of Málaga|province of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucm.es/info/emp/Numer_14/Sum/4-19.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ucm.es/info/emp/Numer_14/Sum/4-19.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=El terremoto como noticia: relaciones de sucesos y otros textos del temblor de 1680. Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico, ISSN 1134-1629, Nº 14, 2008 , pags. 581-604|language=es|access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[October 29]] &ndash; At the request of King [[Charles XI of Sweden]], the [[Riksdag of the Estates|Riksdag]] in [[Sweden]] enacts the [[Great Reduction]], returning [[fief]]s which had been granted to the [[Swedish nobility]] to the Crown. The nation becomes an [[absolute monarchy]] under the rule of Charles. <ref>R. Nisbet Bain, ''Scandinavia A Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1512 to 1900'' (Cambridge University Press, 1905) p. 300</ref> 
* [[November 14]] &ndash; The [[Great Comet of 1680]] is first sighted by [[Gottfried Kirch]], the first [[comet]] discovered by [[telescope]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.att.net/~jwwerner51/Comet.html|title=The Great Comet of 1680|first=James W|last=Werner|accessdate=2006-02-05|archive-date=June 24, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624133119/http://home.att.net/~jwwerner51/Comet.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[November 17]] &ndash; The [[Green Ribbon Club]], a predecessor of the British [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]], organizes a procession to burn an effigy of the [[Pope]] in [[London]] for the second year running.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Pope-Burning Processions of the Late Seventeenth Century|first=O. W.|last=Furley|journal=History|volume=44|year=1959|issue=150 |pages=16–23|doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.1959.tb01061.x |jstor=24403789 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24403789|accessdate=2022-07-27|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* [[December 17]] (December 7 O.S.) &ndash; The trial for treason of [[William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford]] before his fellow members of the [[House of Lords]] having concluded after seven days, the Lords vote on whether to convict him of the articles of impeachment. The Lords vote, 55 to 31 to convict him and to impose the death sentence <ref name=Hatsell>John Hatsell, ''Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons: Relating to conference and impeachment'' (L. Hansard and Sons, 1818) p.228-229</ref> and Lord Stafford is beheaded on 29 December (8 January 1681 N.S.)

=== Date unknown ===
* Chambers of Reunion ([[France|French]] courts under Louis XIV) decide on the complete annexation of [[Alsace]].
* The first [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[governor]] is appointed to [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]].
* [[Johann Pachelbel]] writes his [[Pachelbel's Canon|Canon in D Major]]
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