Editing 1681 (section)

== Events ==
=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; Prince [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Akbar]], son of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], initiates a civil war in India.  With the support of troops from the [[Rajput]] states, Akbar declares himself the new Mughal Emperor and prepares to fight his father, but is ultimately defeated.  
* [[January 3]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Bakhchisarai]] is signed, between the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] vassal [[Crimean Khanate]] and the [[Russian Empire]]. 
* [[January 18]] &ndash; The "[[Exclusion Bill Parliament]]", summoned by King Charles II of England in October, is dissolved after three months, with directions that new elections be held, and that a new parliament be convened in March in Oxford.
* [[February 2]] &ndash; In India, the [[Mughal Empire]] city of [[Burhanpur]] (now in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]) is [[Sacking of Burhanpur (1681)|sacked and looted]] by troops of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] on orders of the Maratha emperor, the [[Chhatrapati]] [[Sambhaji]].  General [[Hambirrao Mohite]] began the pillaging three days earlier. 
* [[March 4]] &ndash; In order to settle a debt of £16,000, King [[Charles II of England]] grants a land charter to [[William Penn]], for territory west of [[Delaware River]] in America between [[40th parallel north|40° N]] and [[42nd parallel north|42° N]], later to be called [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rQBAAAAMAAJ |title=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, Volume 1 |year=1916 |editor-last=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors |pages=180–181 |chapter=Samuel Carpenter}}</ref> 
* [[March 21]] &ndash; The "[[Oxford Parliament (1681)|Oxford Parliament]]" is summoned in England by King Charles II and meets in Oxford rather than in Westminster, but is dissolved seven days later.  No further sessions of parliament are held until after the death of Charles in 1685.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 11]] &ndash; Following the death of [[Frederick Louis, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken|its last count]], the [[Palatinate-Landsberg]] passes to the King of Sweden.
* [[May 15]] &ndash; The [[Canal du Midi]] in France is opened officially, as the ''Canal Royal de Languedoc''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rolt |first=L. T. C. |author-link=L. T. C. Rolt |title=From Sea to Sea: An Illustrated History of the Canal du Midi |publisher=Allen Lane |year=1973 |isbn=0713904712 |location=London}}</ref>
* [[June 23]] &ndash; The [[Church of the East]], an Eastern Orthodox rite in Mesopotamia (now Iraq), already split between two patriarchs in the Eliya line and the Shimun line, is split along a third line by the Roman Catholic Church when Mar Yousip of the Archdiocese of Amid (now [[Diyarbakır]] in Turkey) is proclaimed by [[Pope Innocent XI]] as [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph I]], "Patriarch of the Chaldean nation deprived of its patriarch", creating the "Josephite line" of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Oliver Plunkett]], [[Roman Catholic]] [[Archbishop of Armagh (Roman Catholic)|Archbishop of Armagh]] and [[Primate of All Ireland]], falsely convicted in June of treason, is [[hanged, drawn and quartered]] at [[Tyburn]], London, the last Catholic [[martyr]] to die in England;<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1913 |title=Blessed Oliver Plunket |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12169b.htm |access-date=2011-03-22}}</ref> he is [[Canonization|canonised]] in [[1975]].
* [[July 23]] &ndash; The Bombardment of [[Chios (town)|Chios]] during the [[French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)]] is part of a wider campaign by France against the [[Barbary Pirates]] in the 1680s.
* [[August 10]] &ndash; English sea captain [[Robert Knox (sailor)|Robert Knox]] of the [[East India Company]] publishes his book ''[[An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon]]'', about his adventures, 20-years imprisonment and escape from [[Ceylon]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knox |first=Robert |url=https://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/14346/pg14346-images.html#d0e14395 |title=An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon |via=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref>
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom]] King [[Gadadhar Singha]] (or Gadapani), who takes the Tai name [[Supaatphaa]], ascends the throne. 
* [[August 31]] &ndash; English [[Perjury|perjurer]] [[Titus Oates]] is told to leave his state apartments in [[Whitehall]]; his fame begins to wane, and he is soon arrested and imprisoned for [[sedition]].
* [[September 30]] &ndash; France annexes the city of [[Strasbourg]] (German: Strassburg), previously a [[free imperial city]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Sir John Child, 1st Baronet|Sir John Child]] of England becomes the new Governor of Bombay province and, unofficially, Governor-General of all of the settlements of the [[East India Company]] in [[India]].  With the exception of a rebellion by Captain [[Richard Keigwin (Governor of Bombay)|Richard Keigwin]] during the year 1684, Child expands British control until involving the British in a war with the [[Mughal Empire]].
* [[November 20]] &ndash; Don [[Melchor de Navarra, Duke of Palata]] arrives in [[Lima]] after a voyage of almost 10 months from Spain and becomes the new [[List of viceroys of Peru|Viceroy of Peru]], succeeding the Archbishop of Lima, [[Melchor Liñán y Cisneros]], who had administered the area since 1678.
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Cornelis Speelman]] of the Netherlands becomes the new [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]) and concludes an alliance with the [[Amangkurat II of Mataram|Sultan Amangkurat II]] of the [[Mataram Sultanate]] on the island of [[Java]], then uses the Dutch Army to suppress the rebellion started by the Sultan's half-brother, [[Pakubuwono I of Mataram|Prince Puger]].  Puger surrenders on November 28 to the ranking Dutch officer, Jacob Couper.
* [[November 29]] &ndash; A storm strikes the [[Isthmus of Panama]] and overwhelms the Spanish Navy's Flota de Tierra Firma, sinking the ship ''[[Nuestra Señora de Encarnación]]'' in the [[Chagres River]]. The ''Encarnación'' wreckage is not found until almost 340 years later, in [[2011]], mostly intact and still loaded with most of its cargo.
* [[December 3]] &ndash; Another ship in the Flota de Terra Firma, ''Nuestra Señora de la Soledad'', sinks in the Chagres River with the loss of its 280 crew.
* [[December 7]] &ndash; Wu Shifan, grandson of Chinese general [[Wu Sangui]], commits suicide at [[Kunming]] in [[Yunnan]] province, ending the 8-year [[Revolt of the Three Feudatories]] against the [[Kangxi Emperor]] and the [[Qing dynasty]] in China. <ref>Frederic E. Wakeman, ''The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China'' (University of California Press, 1985) p. 1120</ref>
* [[December 22]] &ndash; King [[Charles II of England]] signs a warrant for the building of the [[Royal Hospital Chelsea]] in London for wounded and retired soldiers.

=== Date unknown ===
[[File:Roelandt Savery - 'Dodo Birds', Chalk, black and amber on cream paper.jpg|thumb|alt=Sketch of three dodos, two in the foreground, one in the distance|Savery sketch of three dodos from {{circa|lk=no|1626}}, [[Crocker Art Gallery]]]]
* Collections are made in England for needy French refugees.
* [[Havertown, Pennsylvania|Havertown]] and [[Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania|Bryn Mawr]] are founded in [[Pennsylvania]] by Welsh Quakers.
* The bell ''Emmanuel'' in [[Notre-Dame de Paris]] is recast.
* The [[Port of Honfleur]], France, is re-modelled by [[Abraham Duquesne]].
* The basilica of [[Santa Maria della Salute]] in [[Venice]], designed by [[Baldassare Longhena]] in [[1631]], is dedicated.
* The [[dodo]] becomes extinct.