Editing 1684 (section)

== Events ==
=== January–March ===
* [[January 5]] 
** King [[Charles II of England]] gives the title [[Duke of St Albans]] to [[Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans|Charles Beauclerk]], his illegitimate son by [[Nell Gwyn]].
** The earliest form of what is now the [[University of Tokyo]] (formally chartered in [[1877]]), the [[Tenmongata]], is established in Japan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Poole |first1=Gregory S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q30fEAAAQBAJ&q=%221684%22 |title=The Japanese Professor: An Ethnography of a University Faculty |date=1 January 2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-94-6091-166-8 |page=15 |language=en |access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://www7b.biglobe.ne.jp/~katogi0908/img/file9.pdf 湊御殿（夤賓閣）*の天文図を復元する]  (in Japanese) Retrieved 30 April 2023.</ref>
* [[January 15]] (January 5 O.S.) – To demonstrate that the [[River Thames]], frozen solid during the Great Frost that started in December, is safe to walk upon, "a Coach and six horses drove over the Thames for a wager" and within three days "whole streets of Booths are built on the Thames and thousands of people are continually walking thereon." [[Sir Richard Newdigate, 2nd Baronet]], records the events in his diary.<ref>Anne Emily Garnier Newdigate-Newdegate, ed., ''Cavalier and Puritan in the Days of the Stuarts: Compiled from the Private Papers and Diary of Sir Richard Newdigate, Second Baronet, with Extracts from Ms. News-letters Addressed to Him Between 1675 and 1689'' (Smith, Elder, & Co., 1901) p. 234</ref>
* [[January 26]] – [[Marcantonio Giustinian]] is elected Doge of Venice.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gullino |first1=Giuseppe |title=GIUSTINIAN, Marcantonio |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/marcantonio-giustinian_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |website=www.treccani.it |access-date=28 March 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
* [[January]] – [[Edmond Halley]], [[Christopher Wren]] and [[Robert Hooke]] have a conversation in which Hooke later claimed not only to have derived the [[inverse-square law]], but also all the laws of planetary motion attributed to Sir [[Isaac Newton]].<ref>Laurence Gardner,  ''The Shadow of Solomon'' (HarperCollins, 2005) p. 64</ref>  Hooke's claim is that in a letter to Newton on 6 January 1680, he first stated the inverse-square law.<ref>Margaret 'Espinasse, ''Robert Hooke'' (University of California Press, 1956) p. 75</ref>
* [[February 7]] – [[Morocco]] retakes control of the city of [[Tangier]] from England, which had controlled the North African port since [[1661]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elbl |first1=Martin |title=Portuguese Tangier (1471-1662): Colonial Urban Fabric as Cross-Cultural Skeleton |date=27 December 2013 |publisher=Baywolf Press |isbn=978-0-921437-50-5 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTBAgAAQBAJ&dq=Tangier+%227+february+1684%22&pg=PA14 |access-date=28 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>  During the five months prior to evacuation of the English from the city, the Governor, [[George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth|Lord Dartmouth]] had ordered the destruction of the wall around the city, its fortifications and port facilities that had been built by the English during the occupation.
* [[February 8]] – Prince [[Dumitrașcu Cantacuzino]] returns to the throne of the principality of [[Moldavia]] for a third reign but is overthrown 14 months later on June 25.  In 1859, Moldavia will unite with neighboring [[Wallachia]] to form the Kingdom of [[Romania]].
* [[February 15]] (February 5 O.S.) – The [[Great Frost of 1683–84|Great Frost]] in Britain, during which the [[River Thames]] was frozen in London and the sea as far as {{convert|2|mi|km}} out from land and which started the previous December, ends as the Thames begins to thaw. [[William Maitland (historian)|William Maitland]] later writes that the Frost, which started in December 1683, "congealed the river Thames to that degree that another city, as it were, was erected thereon; where by the great number of streets and shops, with their rich furniture, it represented a great fair, with a variety of carriages, and diversions of all sorts."<ref>William Andrews, ''Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs in Great Britain: Chronicled from the Earliest to the Present Time'' (G. Redway, 1887) pp. 17-18</ref> During the freeze, there had been great loss of beast and of wildlife, especially birds, and similar reports from across Northern Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J. M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}</ref> The [[Chipperfield's Circus]] dynasty began during the freeze, with James Chipperfield introducing performing animals to the country at the [[River Thames frost fairs|Frost Fair on the Thames]] in London.
* [[February 24]] &ndash; A treaty is signed between European German colonists in [[Brandenburg-Prussia]], and the African chiefs in what is now [[Ghana]] to permit the German colonists to build a second fort on the [[Brandenburger Gold Coast]], and the fortress of [[Dorotheenschanze]] is built.  The area is now the Ghanaian city of [[Akwida]].<ref>Ulrich van der Heyden, ''Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste: Die Brandenburgisch-preussische Kolonie Grossfriedrichsburg in Westafrika'' ("Red eagles on the African coast: the Brandenburg-Prussian colony of Grossfriedrichsburg in West Africa") (Selignow, 2001) p. 31</ref>
* [[March 5]] – [[Pope Innocent XI]] forms a [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]] with the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]], [[Venice]] and Poland, to end [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkish]] rule in Europe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Setton |first1=Kenneth Meyer |title=Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century |date=1991 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0-87169-192-7 |page=271 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XN51y209fR8C&dq=Pope+Innocent+XI+%225+march+1684%22&pg=PA271 |access-date=28 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[March 19]] – In Japan, the [[Tenna|Tenna era]] ends on the 21st day of the 2nd month of the Chinese calendar of the 4th year of the [[Tenna|Tenna era]] and the [[Jōkyō]] era begins as Japan's royal astronomer, [[Shibukawa Shunkai]] institutes the [[Jōkyō calendar]] to replace Chinese calendar which had been used in Japan since [[859]] AD, after calculating that the length of the solar year is 365.2417 days.<ref>"Jōkyō-reki", in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', ed. by Louis Frederic and translated by Kathe Roth (Belknap Press, 2002) p. 431</ref>

=== April–June ===
* [[April 25]] – The [[Morean War]] begins as the [[Republic of Venice]] declares war on the [[Ottoman Empire]] for control of the [[Peloponnese]] area of Greece, a peninsula which includes [[Corinth]] and [[Sparta]] and has been referred to by the Ottomans as [[Morea]].
* [[May 18]] – The French Navy begins [[Bombardment of Genoa|a 10-day bombardment]] of the Italian city of [[Genoa]] in the course of the [[War of the Reunions]] between France and the [[Republic of Genoa]].  During the fight, the French fleet, commanded by [[Abraham Duquesne]], fires almost 13,000 cannonballs, pausing only during a cease-fire on May 21 and May 22, and uses the new technology of explosive bombs.  When the bombardment ends on May 28, two-thirds of the city has been destroyed or damaged.<ref>John Lynn, ''The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714'' (Longman, 1999) p. 174</ref>
* [[June 7]] – After [[Siege of Luxembourg (1684)|a siege of six weeks]] that began on April 27, [[Fortress of Luxembourg|Luxembourg City]] is taken by the French Army from control by Spain, and the [[Luxembourg|Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]], previously part of the [[Spanish Netherlands]] (now Belgium) is acquired by France.
* [[June 27]] – [[Francisco de Távora]], the Viceroy of [[Portuguese India]], a small colony located in southwestern India at [[Goa]], issues an [[Konkani language agitation|order prohibiting indigenous residents from speaking their native language]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], and directs them to learn [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] within the next three years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Gonçalo |title=Contributions of Cunha Rivara (1809–1879) to the Development of Konkani |journal=Journal of Portuguese Linguistics |date=3 January 2019 |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5334/jpl.204 |s2cid=165456291 |url=https://jpl.letras.ulisboa.pt/article/id/5660/ |access-date=31 March 2023 |language=en |issn=2397-5563|doi-access=free |hdl=10348/9041 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

=== July–September ===
* [[July 21]]–[[August 6]] – [[Morean War]]: [[Siege of Santa Maura (1684)|Siege of Santa Maura]] – The [[Republic of Venice]] captures the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] island fortress of [[Lefkada|Santa Maura]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Finlay |first1=George |title=The History of Greece Under Othoman and Venetian Domination |date=1856 |publisher=William Blackwood |page=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kg5CAAAAcAAJ&q=august%206th |access-date=1 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[July 24]] – [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]] sails again from France, with a large expedition designed to establish a [[French colony]] on the [[Gulf of Mexico]], at the mouth of the [[Mississippi River]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=James Wakefield |title=A forgotten glory : the missions of old Texas |date=1979 |publisher=Texian Press |location=Waco |isbn=978-0-87244-049-4 |page=38 |url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenglorymi0000burk/page/38/mode/2up?q=24 |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref>
* [[August]] – [[Edmond Halley]] goes to [[Cambridge]] to discuss the problem of planetary motion with [[Isaac Newton]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Alfred Rupert |title=Philosophers at War: The Quarrel Between Newton and Leibniz |date=12 September 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52489-6 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJnquszl8CUC&dq=Edmond+Halley+%22august+1684%22&pg=PA24 |access-date=1 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 15]]
** France under Louis XIV makes the [[Truce of Ratisbon]] separately with the Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg) and Spain.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bas |first1=Philippe Le |title=Histoire de La Francia |date=1841 |publisher=Imprenta del Nacional |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvLFwbZf-asC&q=1684 |language=es|volume=2}}</ref>
** Louis XIV decrees the foundation of the [[Maison royale de Saint-Louis]], a boarding school for girls at [[Saint-Cyr-l'École|Saint-Cyr]], at the urging of [[Madame de Maintenon]].
* [[September 21]] – [[Morean War]]: The [[Republic of Venice]] captures the fortress town of [[Preveza]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]].

=== October–December ===
* [[October 7]] – Japanese Chief Minister [[Hotta Masatoshi]] is assassinated, leaving Shōgun [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi]] without any adequate advisors, leading him to issue impractical [[edict]]s and create hardships for the Japanese people.
* [[November 8]] – [[James Renwick (Covenanter)|James Renwick]], a Scottish minister and one of the "[[Covenanters]]" challenging the attempt by Kings James VI and Charles I to take over churches in Scotland, posts his "Apologetical Declaration" on church doors and market crosses in and around [[Cambusnethan]], [[Lanarkshire]].<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Renwick, James [alias James Bruce] (1662–1688), covenanter |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-23382 |access-date=3 April 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/23382}}</ref>
* [[November 19]] – [[Richard Keigwin (Governor of Bombay)|Richard Keigwin]], who had arrested the [[East India Company]]'s Governor of [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] in 1683, [[Josiah Child]]  and had taken over as the unauthorized administrator of Bombay, turns control back to the company and its envoy, Sir [[Thomas Grantham]], receiving a general pardon.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cunha |first1=Joseph Gerson |title=The Origin of Bombay |date=1900 |publisher=Society's library |location=Bombay |page=329 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbcOS42vZDgC&q=19th%20of%20november |access-date=3 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dodwell |first1=Henry |title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire |date=1929 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=162–163 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-48AAAAIAAJ&q=Grantham |access-date=3 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 10]] – [[Isaac Newton]]'s derivation of [[Kepler's laws]] from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper ''[[De motu corporum in gyrum]]'', is read to the [[Royal Society]] by [[Edmond Halley]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gondhalekar |first1=Prabhakar |title=The grip of gravity : the quest to understand the laws of motion and gravitation |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80316-8 |page=89 |url=https://archive.org/details/gripofgravityque0000gond/page/88/mode/2up?q=december |access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref>
* [[December 17]] – The [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]], which had been going on since 1679, ends with the signing of the [[Ladakh Chronicles#Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)|Treaty at Tingmosgang]] between the 5th Dalai Lama ([[Desi Sangye Gyatso]]) and King [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh#List of kings|Delek Namgyal]] of [[Ladakh]].  The Ladakh kingdom agrees to not invite foreign armies into the area (now part of the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]) in return for a respect for its sovereignty.

=== Date unknown ===
* Japanese poet [[Ihara Saikaku]] composes 23,500 verses in 24 hours at the [[Sumiyoshi-taisha]] (shrine) at [[Osaka]]; the scribes cannot keep pace with his dictation and just ''count'' the verses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Solt |first1=John |title=Shredding the Tapestry of Meaning: The Poetry and Poetics of Kitasono Katue (1902–1978) |date=23 March 2020 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-1-68417-326-6 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KPaDwAAQBAJ&q=ihara |access-date=3 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[British East India Company]] receives Chinese permission to build a trading station at [[Guangzhou|Canton]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleisher |first1=Benjamin Wilfried |title=The Trans-Pacific |date=1922 |publisher=B.W. Fleisher |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBvnAAAAMAAJ&dq=british+east+india+company++canton+%221684%22&pg=RA2-PA55 |access-date=5 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Tea]] sells in Europe for less than a [[shilling]] a pound, but the import duty of 5 shillings makes it too expensive for most English people to afford; hence [[Smuggling|smuggled]] tea is drunk much more than legally imported tea.
* [[John Bunyan]] publishes the second part of ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Swaim |first1=Kathleen M. |title=Pilgrim's Progress, Puritan Progress: Discourses and Contexts |date=1993 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-01894-7 |page=301 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGkcyQCitkYC&q=1684&pg=PP13 |access-date=5 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>