Editing 1689 (section)

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
Notable events during this year include:

* Coup, war, and legislation in England and its territories. 
** The overthrow of Catholic king [[James II of England|James of England]], Ireland, and Scotland in the [[Glorious Revolution]].
** The latter realms entering the [[Nine Years' War|Nine Years War]] and its expansion to the American colonies in the [[King William's War]]. 
** The [[Bill of Rights 1689|Bill of Rights]] becomes law in England.
* Japanese writer [[Matsuo Bashō|Bashō]] goes on a voyage, resulting in the classic ''[[Oku no Hosomichi|Narrow Road to the Interior]]''.
* The death of [[Pope Innocent XI]] and the election of the 241st [[Pope Alexander VIII]].
* The [[Holy Roman Empire]] wins the [[Battle of Niš (1689)|Battle of Niš]], fought against the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* Morocco wins in the [[Siege of Larache (1689)|Siege of Larache]] against Spain. 
* [[Peter the Great]] decrees the construction of the [[Great Siberian Road]] to China.

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 22]] (January 12, 1688 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) &ndash; [[Glorious Revolution]] in [[Kingdom of England|England]]: The [[Convention Parliament (1689)|Convention Parliament]] is convened to determine if King [[James II of England]], the last [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] British monarch, vacated the throne when he fled to France, at the end of [[1688]]. The settlement of this is agreed on [[8 February]].<ref name=Kenyon>{{cite book|first=J. P.|last=Kenyon|title=Stuart England|location=Harmondsworth|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1978|isbn=0-14-022076-3}}</ref>
* [[January 30]] &ndash; The first performance of the opera ''[[Henrico Leone]]'' composed by [[Agostino Steffani]] takes place in [[Hannover]] to inaugurate the new royal theatre in the [[Leineschloss]].
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[John Locke]] returned to London from exile in Holland.<ref> Oxford DNB https://www-oxforddnb-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-16885?rskey=mOcb4B&result=4</ref>
* [[February 23]] (February 13, 1688 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) &ndash; [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] are proclaimed co-rulers of [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]].<ref name=Kenyon />
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Nine Years' War]]: As French forces leave, they set fire to [[Heidelberg Castle]], and the nearby town of [[Heidelberg]].
* [[March 22]] (March 12 O.S.) &ndash; Start of the [[Williamite War in Ireland]]: The deposed [[James II of England]] lands with 6,000 [[Early modern France|French]] soldiers in Ireland, where there is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] majority, hoping to use it as the base for a counter-coup.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=John|title=James II|edition=3rd|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2000|series=Yale English monarchs|isbn=0-300-08728-4|pages=222–227}}</ref> However, many Irish Catholics see him as an agent of [[Louis XIV of France]], and refuse to support him.
* [[March 27]] &ndash; Japanese [[haiku]] master [[Matsuo Bashō|Bashō]] sets out on his last great voyage, which will result in the  prose and verse classic ''[[Oku no Hosomichi]]'' ("Narrow Road to the Interior").

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash; A total [[lunar eclipse]] is visible in central Asia.<ref name="Astro1211689">{{cite web|url=http://astro.ukho.gov.uk/eclipse/1211689/|title=Total Eclipse of the Moon: 1689 April 04|website=astro.ukho.gov.uk|access-date=October 27, 2022}}</ref>
* [[April 11]] (O.S.) &ndash; [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] are crowned in London as King and Queen of [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]].<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref> Ireland does not recognise them yet, while the [[Estates of Scotland]] declare King [[James VII of Scotland]] deposed.
* [[April 18]]
** [[1689 Boston revolt|Boston revolt]]: Unpopular [[Dominion of New England|New England]] Governor Sir [[Edmund Andros]] and other officials are overthrown by a "mob" of [[Boston]]ians. Andros, an appointee of [[James II of England]], is disliked for his support of the [[Church of England]] and revocation of various colonial charters.
** The [[Siege of Derry]] begins in Ireland as former King James II arrives at the gates of [[Derry]] and asks for its surrender during the Williamite War in Ireland. The [[Protestant]] defenders refuse and the siege lasts until August 1 when it is abandoned.  .<ref>{{cite web|title=The Siege of Derry in Ulster Protestant mythology|url=http://www.cruithni.org.uk/feature/siege.html|work=Cruithni|date=December 31, 2001|access-date=July 16, 2012}}</ref>
* [[April 19]] - A fire in [[Amalienborg]]-palace in Copenhagen killed 180 people.
* [[May 11]] (May 1 O.S.)
**The [[Battle of Bantry Bay]] begins during the Williamite War in Ireland as the French fleet under the [[François Louis de Rousselet, Marquis de Châteaurenault|Marquis de Châteaurenault]] is able to protect its transports, unloading supplies for James II, from the English [[Royal Navy]] under the [[Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington|Earl of Torrington]], and withdraws unpursued.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lynn|first=John A.|title=The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714|location=Harlow|publisher=Longman|year=1999|isbn=0-582-05629-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/warsoflouisxiv1600lynn/page/203 203]|url=https://archive.org/details/warsoflouisxiv1600lynn/page/203|access-date=October 27, 2022}}</ref>
**William and Mary accept the Scottish throne a month after the Scottish Parliament votes to depose King James VII
* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[Nine Years' War]]: With England and the Netherlands now both ruled by [[William III of England|William III]], they join the [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)]], thus escalating the conflict, which continues until [[1697]]. This is also the effective beginning of [[King William's War]], the first of four North American Wars (until [[1763]]) between English and French colonists, both sides allied to [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribes. The nature of the fighting is a series of raids on each other's settlements, across the Canadian and [[New England]] borders.
* [[May 24]] &ndash; The [[Act of Toleration 1689|Act of Toleration]], drawn up by the [[Convention Parliament (1689)|Convention Parliament]] of England to protect [[Protestantism|Protestants]] but with [[Roman Catholics]] intentionally excluded, is passed; this effectively concludes the [[Glorious Revolution]].
* [[May 25]] &ndash; The last [[hearth tax]] is collected in [[England and Wales]].
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Leisler's Rebellion]]: [[Calvinist]] [[Jacob Leisler]] deposes lieutenant governor [[Francis Nicholson]] and assumes control of the [[Province of New York]].
* [[June 5]] &ndash; The [[Convention of Estates (1689)|Convention of Estates]] adjourns in Scotland after 11 weeks and its members form a new Scottish parliament.
* [[June 14]] &ndash; The [[George Gordon, 1st Duke of Gordon|Duke of Gordon]], a Scottish peer and Jacobite supporter, surrenders [[Edinburgh Castle]] to Protestant attackers after holding out for 20 days following the [[Glorious Revolution]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 25]] &ndash; The [[Council of Wales and the Marches]] is abolished.
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[First Jacobite rising]]: [[Battle of Killiecrankie]] near [[Pitlochry]] in [[Perthshire]] &ndash; Scottish [[Covenanter]] supporters of [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] (under [[Hugh Mackay (general)|Hugh Mackay]]) are defeated by [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] supporters of James II, but the latter's leader, [[John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee|John Graham, Viscount Dundee]], is killed. [[Hand grenade]]s are used in action.<ref name=BTL12>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=BTL12|desc=Battle of Killiecrankie|access-date=June 19, 2020}}</ref>
* [[July 28]] &ndash; English sailors break through a floating boom across the [[River Foyle]], to end the [[siege of Derry]] after 105 days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parades and Marches - Chronology 2: Historical Dates and Events|work=Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/parade/chpa2.htm|access-date=January 28, 2010}}</ref>
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[Boston Revolt]]: [[Edmund Andros]], former governor of the [[Dominion of New England]], escapes from Boston to [[Connecticut]], but is recaptured.
* [[August 5]] &ndash; [[Beaver Wars]]: [[Lachine massacre]] &ndash; A force of 1,500 [[Iroquois]] largely destroys the village of [[Lachine, Quebec|Lachine]], [[New France]].
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Pope Innocent XI|Innocent XI]] (Benedetto Odescalchi, b. 1611), Pope since [[1676]], dies. He played a major part in founding both the League of Augsburg, against Louis XIV, and the Holy League, against the Ottoman Empire.
* [[August 20]] &ndash; A large [[Williamite]] force under [[Marshal Schomberg]] begins the [[Siege of Carrickfergus (1689)|siege of Carrickfergus]] in the north of Ireland, which surrenders on August 27.
* [[August 21]] &ndash; First Jacobite rising: [[Battle of Dunkeld]] &ndash; Covenanters defeat the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]]s in Scotland.<ref name=BTL32>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=BTL32|desc=Battle of Dunkeld|access-date=June 19, 2020}}</ref>
* [[August 23]]
**Roman Catholic cardinals convene in Rome for a [[1689 papal conclave|papal conclave]] to elect a successor to Pope Innocent XI.  The conclave lasts until October 6.
**Gravely ill, the [[Empress Xiaoyiren]] is proclaimed empress by her husband, China's [[Kangxi Emperor]], after having been Imperial Noble Consort since 1682. She dies the next day.
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Qing dynasty|China]] and [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] sign the [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]].
* [[September 8]] &ndash; The Siege of [[Mainz]] (in the modern-day Rheinland-Pfalz state of Germany), which had started on June 1, ends after almost three months, as French General [[Nicolas Chalon du Blé]] surrenders the walled city to the armies of Austria and the Dutch Republic.
* [[September 9]] &ndash; King William brings England into a military alliance with the Holy Roman Empire in a fight against France in the [[Nine Years War]].
* [[September 24]] &ndash; The Holy Roman Empire wins the [[Battle of Niš (1689)|Battle of Niš]], fought against the Ottoman Empire during the [[Great Turkish War]] in modern-day [[Serbia]].
* [[September 28]]&ndash;[[September 29|29]] &ndash; A total [[lunar eclipse]] is visible in eastern America, western Europe and west Africa.<ref name="Astro1511689">{{cite web|url=http://astro.ukho.gov.uk/eclipse/1511689/|title=Total Eclipse of the Moon: 1689 September 28-29|website=astro.ukho.gov.uk|access-date=October 27, 2022}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 6]] &ndash; The papal conclave in Rome unanimously elects Pietro Vito Ottoboni as the new Pope. Ottoboni takes the name [[Pope Alexander VIII|Alexander VIII]] and succeeds [[Pope Innocent XI]], to become the 241st pope, the first Venetian to hold the office in over 200 years.
* [[October 26]] &ndash; [[Skopje fire of 1689]] occurs, lasting for two days and burning much of the city.
* [[November 11]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Larache (1689)|Siege of Larache]] in Morocco ends when the Spanish troops surrender to Mawlay Ismail and the Moroccan forces.
* [[November 22]] &ndash; [[Peter the Great]] decrees the construction of the [[Great Siberian Road]] to China.
* [[December 10]] &ndash; A great [[comet]] is visible from [[Beijing|Pekin]] and sightings continue until December 24th, including many from Dutch ships near the equator.<ref name="Vogel">{{cite journal|author=Vogel|title=On the Comet of 1689|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|date=June 11, 1852|doi=10.1093/mnras/12.8.206|volume=12|issue=8|pages=206–208|issn=0035-8711|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[December 16]] &ndash; The [[Bill of Rights 1689|Bill of Rights]] (''An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown''), drawn up by the [[Convention Parliament (1689)|Convention Parliament]] of England to establish [[constitutional monarchy]] in England, but with Roman Catholics barred from the throne, receives [[royal assent]]; it will remain substantially in force into the 21st century.
* [[December 22]] &ndash; A serious earthquake strikes [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]].<ref name="Hammerl">{{cite journal|journal=Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica|volume=50|issue=1|pages=39–62|first=Christa|last=Hammerl|year=2015|title=The four strongest earthquakes in Tyrol/ Austria during XVIth and XVIIth centuries: from archival sources to macroseismic intensities|doi=10.1007/s40328-014-0083-3 |bibcode=2015AcGG...50...39H |s2cid=130499470 |url=https://www.emidius.eu/AHEAD/study/HAMM015}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Peter the Great]] plots to overthrow his half-sister [[Sophia Alekseyevna of Russia|Sophia]] as [[regent]] of Russia.
* Supporters of [[William III of England|William of Orange]] seize [[Liverpool Castle]] in the north west of England.<ref>{{cite web|title=Liverpool Castle|url=http://www.btinternet.com/~m.royden/mrlhp/local/castle/castle.htm|work=Mike Royden's Local History Pages|access-date=July 16, 2012|archive-date=July 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719011814/http://www.btinternet.com/~m.royden/mrlhp/local/castle/castle.htm }}</ref>
* The English [[East India Company]] expands its influence, and a Committee of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] is formed to deal with the concerns of the Company.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bohun|first=James|date=February 19, 2008|title=Protecting Prerogative: William III and the East India Trade Debate, 1689-1698|url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/pi/index.php/pi/article/view/1363|journal=Past Imperfect|volume=2|pages=66|doi=10.21971/P74S3M|issn=1718-4487|doi-access=free|access-date=October 27, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Johann Weikhard von Valvasor|Valvasor]]'s ''[[The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola]]'' is printed in [[Nuremberg]].
* The first documented performance of the opera ''[[Dido and Aeneas]]'' by [[Henry Purcell]] takes place at [[Josias Priest]]'s girls' school in [[Chelsea, London]], with a libretto based on [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/henry-purcells-dido-aeneas-summary-myth-analysis.html|title=Dido & Aeneas by Henry Purcell – Myth, Summary & Analysis|website=Study.com|access-date=2022-10-27}}</ref>
* [[Boston]] suffers a [[smallpox]] epidemic.<ref name="Umich1:11">{{cite book|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N27531.0001.001/1:11?rgn=div1;view=fulltext|title=A brief history of epidemic and pestilential diseases; with the principal phenomena of the physical world, which precede and accompany them, and observations deduced from the facts stated |first=Noah|last= Webster|volume=I |date=September 2008 |access-date=October 27, 2022}}</ref></onlyinclude>