Editing 1693 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January–March ===
* [[January 11]] – The [[Mount Etna]] volcano erupts in Italy, causing [[1693 Sicily earthquake|a devastating earthquake]] that kills 60,000 people in [[Sicily]] and [[Malta]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=F.|last1=Rodríguez de la Torre|year=1995|title=Spanish sources concerning the 1693 earthquake in Sicily|journal=Annali di Geofisica|pages=526|volume=38|issue=5–6|url=http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/1744/1/06%20torre.pdf|doi=10.4401/ag-4054|doi-access=free}}, [[Juan Francisco Pacheco y Téllez-Girón, 4th Consort Duke of Uceda]] the Spanish [[Viceroy of Sicily]] at the time reports ''((...) and about sixty thousand people died under the ruins of the earthquake)''(August 4, 1695)</ref>
* [[January 22]] – A total [[lunar eclipse]] is visible across North and South America.<ref name="Astro1211693">{{Cite web|url=http://astro.ukho.gov.uk/eclipse/1211693/|title=Total Eclipse of the Moon: 1693 January 22|website=astro.ukho.gov.uk|accessdate=September 29, 2022}}</ref>
* [[February 8]] – The [[College of William & Mary]] in [[Williamsburg, Virginia]] is granted a [[Royal charter]].
* [[February 27]] – The publication of the first women's magazine, titled ''[[The Ladies' Mercury]]'', takes place in London.<ref name="OnthisdayFebruary">{{Cite web|url=https://www.onthisday.com/events/date/1693/february|title=Historical Events in February 1693|website=On This Day|date=February 1693 |accessdate=September 30, 2022}}</ref> It is published by the [[The Athenian Society|Athenian Society]].
* [[March 27]] – [[Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha]] becomes the new [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]], after Sultan [[Ahmed II]] appoints him as the successor of [[Çalık Ali Pasha]].

=== April–June ===
* [[April 4]] – [[Anne Palles]] becomes the last accused witch to be executed for witchcraft in [[Denmark]], after having been convicted of using powers of sorcery. [[Christian V of Denmark|King Christian V]] accepts her plea not to be burned alive, and she is beheaded before her body is set afire.
* [[April 5]] – The [[Order of Saint Louis]], the first medal to be awarded in France to military personnel who are not members of nobility, is created by order of King Louis XIV, and named after his ancestor, King Louis IX.
* [[April 28]] – The 90-gun English Royal Navy warship [[HMS Windsor Castle (1679)|HMS ''Windsor Castle'']] is wrecked beyond repair on the [[Goodwin Sands]]. 
* [[April]] – [[Tituba]], a slave who had been convicted at the [[Salem witch trials]] of practicing witchcraft after making a confession, is released from jail in Boston after 13 months when an unknown purchaser pays her jail fees.<ref>[https://historyofmassachusetts.org/tituba-the-slave-of-salem/ "Tituba: The Slave of Salem"], by Rebecca Beatrice Books, History of Massachusetts blog</ref> 
* [[May 18]] – Forces of [[Louis XIV of France]] attack [[Heidelberg]], capital of the [[Electorate of the Palatinate]].
* [[May 22]] – Heidelberg is taken by the invading [[Early modern France|French]] forces; on [[May 23]] [[Heidelberg Castle]] is surrendered, after which the French blow up its towers using mines.
* [[June 5]] – The first performance of the opera ''[[Didon (Desmarets)|Didon]]'' by French composer [[Henri Desmarets]] takes place at the [[Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)|Théâtre du Palais-Royal]] in Paris.
* [[June 27]] – [[Nine Years' War]] – [[Battle of Lagos (1693)|Battle of Lagos]] off Portugal: The French fleet defeats the joint [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] and English fleet.

=== July–September ===
* [[July 17]] – A total [[lunar eclipse]] is visible in New Zealand and across the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="Astro1511693">{{Cite web|url=http://astro.ukho.gov.uk/eclipse/1511693/|title=Total Eclipse of the Moon: 1693 July 17|website=astro.ukho.gov.uk|accessdate=September 29, 2022}}</ref>
* [[July 29]] – [[Nine Years' War]] – [[Battle of Landen]]: [[William III of England]] is defeated by the [[Early modern France|French]] (with Irish [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] mercenaries). 
* [[August 21]] – The Indian Ocean port of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], capital of [[French India]] is captured by a 17-ship fleet from the Netherlands and 1,600 men under the command of Laurens Pit the Younger.
* [[September 9]] – [[Francesco Invrea]], King of Corsica, begins a two-year term as the [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]] in Italy, succeeding [[Giovanni Battista Cattaneo Della Volta]]. 
* [[September 10]] – France begins the siege of the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) fort of Charleroi.
* [[September 14]] – King [[Louis XIV]] of France sends a letter to [[Pope Innocent XII]] announcing the rescission of the [[Declaration of the Clergy of France]] issued in 1682.
* [[September 23]] – Manuel Afonso Nzinga a Nlenke, ruling as [[Manuel I of Kibangu|King Manuel I]] of the [[Kingdom of Kongo]] (in present-day northern Angola) is executed on orders of the new king, [[Álvaro X of Kibangu|Álvaro X]].

=== October–December ===
* [[October]] – [[William Congreve]]'s comedy ''[[The Double-Dealer]]'' is first performed in London.<ref name=McGHEWD>{{cite book|title=McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama|volume=4|first=Stanley|last=Hochman|page=542}}</ref><ref name="CBH198200">{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=198–200|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> 
* [[October 4]] – [[Battle of Marsaglia]] near [[Turin]] in the [[Counts and dukes of Savoy|Duchy of Savoy]]: A French force under the command of General [[Nicolas Catinat]] defeats the Savoyard forces, leaving 10,000 dead or wounded, while sustaining only 1,000 casualties. 
* [[October 11]] – [[Charleroi]] falls to French forces.
* [[October 29]] – The Great Storm changes the course of rivers and alters the coastline from Virginia to Long Island in America.<ref name="WundergroundLate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/late-season-tropical-storms-that-have-affected-the-us-north-of-hatte.html|title=Late Season Tropical Storms that have affected the U.S. north of Hatteras – Weather Extremes|website=wunderground.com|accessdate=September 29, 2022}}</ref>
* [[November 7]] – [[Charles II of Spain|King Charles II of Spain]] issues a royal edict providing sanctuary in Spanish Florida for escaped slaves from the English colony of South Carolina.<ref>Alejandra Dubcovsky, ''Informed Power: Communication in the Early American South'' (Harvard University Press, 2016)</ref><ref>Ned Sublette and Constance Sublette, ''American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry'' (Chicago Review Press, 2015)</ref>
* [[November 14]] – General [[Santaji Ghorpade]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] in [[India]] is defeated by General Himmat Khan of the Mughal Empire near Vikramhalli, and retreats. A week later, after regrouping his troops, Santaji defeats Himmat at their next encounter.  
* [[November 21]] – The 46-gun Royal Navy frigate [[HMS Mordaunt|HMS ''Mordaunt'']] founders off of the coast of Cuba.
* [[November 29]] – A fleet of 30 English and Dutch ships captures the French port of [[Saint-Malo]]
* [[December 16]] – [[Diego de Vargas]], Spanish colonial governor of [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México]] (now the area around the capital of the U.S. state of [[New Mexico]]), returns to the walled city of [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] and requests the [[Pueblo people]] to accept the authority of the colonial government. Negotiations fail and a [[Pueblo Revolt#Reconquest|siege begins]] on December 29.  The Pueblo defenders surrender the next day and the 70 rebels are executed soon after. The 400 civilian women and children are made slaves and distributed to the Spanish colonists.<ref>Ramón A. Gutiérrez, ''When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846'' (Stanford University Press, 1991) p. 145</ref>
* [[December 27]] – The new 80-gun English Navy warship [[HMS Sussex (1693)|HMS ''Sussex'']] departs Portsmouth on its maiden voyage, escorting a fleet of 48 warships and 166 merchant ships to the Mediterranean Sea. The fleet runs into a storm on February 27, 1694, and on March 1, ''Sussex'' and 12 other warships sink, along with a cargo of gold.

=== Date unknown ===
* China concentrates all its foreign trade on [[Guangzhou|Canton]]; European ships are forbidden to land anywhere else.
* A religious [[schism]] takes place in Switzerland, within a group of Swiss and [[Alsace|Alsatian]] [[Anabaptists]] led by [[Jakob Ammann]]. Those who follow Ammann become the Mennonite [[Amish]] sect.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kraybill|first=Donald B.|author-link=Donald Kraybill|title=Anabaptist World USA|publisher=Herald Press|year=2001|isbn=0-8361-9163-3|pages=7–8}}</ref> 
* The [[Knights of the Apocalypse]] are formed in Italy.
* The ''[[Academia Operosorum Labacensium]]'' is established in Ljubljana, [[Slovenia]].
* Financier [[Richard Hoare (banker)|Richard Hoare]] relocates [[Hoare's Bank]] (founded [[1672]]) from [[Cheapside]] to [[Fleet Street]] in London.
* Italian barber Giovanni Paolo Feminis creates a perfume water called Aqua Admirabilis, earliest known form of [[eau de Cologne]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pepe|first1=Tracy|title=So, What's All the Sniff About?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZYVMRG0PMAC|year=2000|page=46|publisher=So Whats all the Sniff about |isbn=9780968707609|access-date=July 11, 2015}}</ref>
* [[John Locke]] publishes his influential book ''[[Some Thoughts Concerning Education]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Hugh|last=Cunningham|title=Re-inventing childhood|url=http://www.open2.net/theinventionofchildhood/childhood_inventions.html|work=open2.net|publisher=Open University|access-date=June 16, 2010}}</ref>
* [[William Penn]] publishes his proposal for [[Federal Europe|European federation]], ''Essay on the Present and Future Peace of Europe''.<ref name="CBH198200"/>
* English astronomer [[Edmond Halley]] studies records of births and deaths in Breslau (Poland), producing a life table consolidating year of birth and age at death. He uses this to work out the price of life annuities.<ref name="Halley">{{cite book|title=A Short History of Mathematical Population Dynamics|chapter=Halley's life table (1693)|author=Nicolas Bacaër|date=February 2011 |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-85729-115-8|location=London}}</ref>
* [[Dimitrie Cantemir]] presents his ''Kitâbu 'İlmi'l-Mûsiki alâ Vechi'l-Hurûfât (The Book of the Science of Music through Letters)'' to Sultan [[Ahmed II]], which deals with melodic and rhythmic structure and practice of [[Ottoman classical music|Ottoman music]], and contains the scores for around 350 works composed during and before his own time, in an alphabetical notation system he invented.</onlyinclude>