Editing 1695 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January–March ===
* [[January 7]] (December 28, 1694 O.S.) – The United Kingdom's last joint monarchy, the reign of husband-and-wife [[William III of England|King William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Queen Mary II]] comes to an end with the death of Queen Mary, at the age of 32. Princess Mary had been installed as the monarch along with her husband and cousin, Willem Hendrik von Oranje, [[Stadtholder]] of the [[Dutch Republic]], in 1689 after [[James II of England|King James II]] was deposed by Willem during the "[[Glorious Revolution]]". 
* [[January 14]] (January 4 O.S.) – The Royal Navy warship [[HMS Nonsuch (1668)|HMS ''Nonsuch'']] is captured near England's [[Isles of Scilly]] by the 48-gun French privateer ''Le Francois''. ''Nonsuch'' is then sold to the French Navy and renamed ''Le Sans Pareil''.<ref>Rif Winfield and Stephen S. Roberts, ''French Warships in the Age of Sail, 1626–1786 Design, Construction, Careers and Fates'' (Pen & Sword, 2017) p. 1694</ref><ref>William G. Gates, ''Ships of the British Navy: A Record of Heroism, Victory and Disaster'' (W. H. Long, 1905) p. 120</ref> 
* [[January 24]] – [[Milan]]'s [[Royal Palace of Milan#17th and 18th centuries|Court Theater]] is destroyed in a fire.
* [[January 27]] – A flotilla of six Royal Navy warships under the command of Commodore James Killegrew aboard [[HMS Plymouth (1660)|HMS ''Plymouth'']] captures two French warships, the ''Content'' and the ''Trident'', the day after the French ships had mistaken the English fleet to be a group of merchant ships to attack.
* [[February 6]] – [[Mustafa II]] (1664 – 1703) succeeds his uncle, [[Ahmed II of Turkey|Ahmed II]] as [[Ottoman Emperor|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]].
* [[March 5]] – The funeral of Queen [[Mary II of England]] takes place, accompanied by music written for the occasion by [[Henry Purcell]].
* [[March 10]] – Almost all French Army soldiers in a column of 1,300 troops, commanded by Brigadier General Urbain Le Clerc de Juigné, are killed or captured in the [[Battle of Sant Esteve d'en Bas]] against a smaller Spanish Empire force led by Ramon de Sala i Saçala during the [[War of the Grand Alliance]].
* [[March 7]] – [[John Trevor (speaker)|John Trevor]], [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the English House of Commons]], is expelled from the House by vote of the members, after being found guilty of accepting a bribe of 1000 [[pound sterling|pounds sterling]] from the City of London Corporation.
* [[March 14]] – [[Paul Foley (ironmaster)|Paul Foley]] is elected as the new Speaker of the House after the expulsion of John Trevor.
* [[March 26]] – [[John Hungerford (died 1729)|John Hungerford]] is expelled from the English House of Commons when members vote to find him guilty of accepting a bribe in return for using his committee chairmanship to promote the pending Orphans Bill.

=== April–June ===
* [[April 17]] – The [[House of Commons of England]] decides not to renew the [[Licensing Order of 1643]], and states its reasoning, beginning with "Because it revives, and re-enacts, a Law which in no-wise answered the End for which it was made".<ref>"Appendix G: Refusal of the House of Commons to Renew the Licensing Act (1695)", ''Dictionary of Literary and Dramatic Ccensorship in Tudor and Stuart England'', by Dorothy Auchter (Greenwood Press, 2001) p. 389</ref> The lifting of censorship creates a more open society, and an explosion of print results. Within 30 years, the number of printing houses in England increases from 20 to 103.<ref name=Kernan>Alvin B. Kernan, "Samuel Johnson and the Impact of Print" (Princeton University Press, 2021) p. 59</ref><ref name=CBH198200>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=198–200|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[April 22]] – [[Sürmeli Ali Pasha]] is fired from his position as [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]], after coming into a disagreement with the new Sultan, Mustafa II. Sürmeli is initially sent into exile, but executed on the Sultan's orders on May 29.
* [[April 27]] – [[Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)]]: [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] begins the [[Azov campaigns (1695–96)]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]], with 31,000 troops departing to the Ottoman fortress at Azov on the [[Don (river)|Don River]].<ref name=BlackSea>"Azov campaigns of 1695–1696", ''The Black Sea Encyclopedia'' (Springer Berlin, 2014) p. 71</ref>
* [[May 18]] – The 7.8 magnitude [[1695 Linfen earthquake|Linfen earthquake]] in Shanxi Province, Qing Dynasty kills over 50,000 people.<ref name="Xu">{{Cite journal|author1=Yueren Xu |author2=Honglin He |author3=Qidong Deng |author4=Mark B. Allen |author5=Haoyue Sun |author6=Lisi Bi |title=The CE 1303 Hongdong earthquake and the Huoshan Piedmont Fault, Shanxi Graben: Implications for magnitude limits of normal fault earthquakes |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |date=2018 |volume=123 |issue=4 |pages=3098–3121 |doi=10.1002/2017JB014928 |bibcode=2018JGRB..123.3098X |s2cid=135046043 |url=https://dro.dur.ac.uk/24519/2/24519.pdf}}</ref>
* [[June 11]] – An annular eclipse of the sun is visible across South America.<ref name="Astro0231695">{{Cite web|url=http://astro.ukho.gov.uk/eclipse/0231695/|title=Annular Eclipse of the Sun: 1695 June 11|website=astro.ukho.gov.uk|accessdate=September 27, 2022}}</ref>
* [[June 24]] – The Commission of Enquiry into the [[Massacre of Glencoe]] in [[Scotland]] in [[1692]] reports to the [[Parliament of England]], blaming Sir [[John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair|John Dalrymple]], [[Secretary of State over Scotland]], and declares that a soldier should refuse to obey a "command against the law of nature".

=== July–September ===
* [[July 12]] – The [[Siege of Namur (1695)|Siege of Namur]] begins in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] (now [[Belgium]]).<ref name="Cassell's Chronology287"/>
* [[July 15]] – The [[Azov campaigns (1695–96)|siege of the Ottoman fortress at Azaq by the Russian Army]] begins, but is unsuccessful and is discontinued after October 2 (September 22 O.S.).<ref>"Peter I", by Robert Nisbet Bain, in ''The Encyclopaedia Britannica'', Eleventh Edition, Volumbe XXI (Cambridge University Press, 1911) p. 289</ref><ref name=BlackSea/>
* [[July 17]] – The [[Bank of Scotland]] is founded.
* [[August 8]] – The [[Wren Building]] is started in [[Williamsburg, Virginia]] (completed in [[1700]]).
* [[August 10]] – A [[Action of 10 August 1695|naval skirmish]] occurs between English and Swedish ships in the Strait of Dover<ref>{{Cite web |title=256 (Svenska folket genom tiderna / 5. Den karolinska tiden) |url=https://runeberg.org/svfolket/5/0290.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=runeberg.org |language=sv}}</ref>
* [[August 13]]–[[August 15|15]] – [[Nine Years' War]]: [[Bombardment of Brussels (1695)|Brussels is bombarded]] by [[Kingdom of France|French]] troops.
* [[September 1]] – [[Nine Years' War]]: [[Kingdom of France|France]] surrenders [[Namur]], [[Spanish Netherlands]] to forces of the [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)|Grand Alliance]], led by King [[William III of England]], Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, following the 2-month [[Siege of Namur (1695)|Siege of Namur]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology287">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/287|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/287 287]}}</ref>
* [[September 7]] – [[English people|English]] [[pirate]] [[Henry Every]] perpetrates one of the most profitable raids in history, with the capture of the Grand Mughal ship ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai]]''. In response, Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] threatens to put an end to all English trading in India.
* [[September 24]] – All but eight of the remaining 305 crew of the [[Royal Navy]] ship {{HMS|Winchester|1693}} are killed when the ship founders in the [[Florida Keys]]. According to the ship's logbook, an epidemic of [[yellow fever]] began on August 1 and had killed 45 people before the hurricane struck, and left all but seven crew members too ill to walk.<ref>Love Dean, ''Lighthouses of the Florida Keys'' (Pineapple Press, 1998) p. 131</ref><ref>J. J. Colledge and Ben Warlow, ''Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th Century to the Present'' (Seaforth, 2021) p. 482</ref>

=== October–December ===
* [[October 11]] – [[William III of England|King William III]] of England dissolves [[2nd Parliament of King William III and Queen Mary II|Parliament]] in the wake of a scandal involving former Speaker of the House of Commons [[John Trevor (speaker)|John Trevor]] and other Tory MPs. 
* [[October 25]] – The 48-gun English Navy ship HMS ''Berkeley Castle'' is captured by the French Navy.
* [[November 22]] – The [[3rd Parliament of King William III|new Parliament]], with 513 members of the House of Commons is opened by King William III.  Commons is composed of 257 Whigs (who hold a majority of one), 203 Tories and 53 members of other parties or independents.
* [[December 6]] – A total eclipse of the sun is visible across the Middle East and western Asia.<ref name="Astro0411695">{{Cite web|url=http://astro.ukho.gov.uk/eclipse/0411695/|title=Total Eclipse of the Sun: 1695 December 06|website=astro.ukho.gov.uk|accessdate=September 27, 2022}}</ref>
* [[December 31]] – A [[window tax]] is imposed in [[England]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology287"/> Some windows are bricked up to avoid it.

=== Date unknown ===
* English manufacturers call for an [[embargo]] on Indian cloth, and silk weavers picket the [[House of Commons of England]].
* A £2 fine is imposed for [[profanity|swearing]] in [[Kingdom of England|England]].
* After 23 years of construction, [[Spain]] completes ''[[Castillo de San Marcos]]'' to protect [[St. Augustine, Florida]], from foreign threats.
* After many years of construction, the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]] is completed.
* [[Gold]] is discovered in [[Brazil]].
* [[Johanne Nielsdatter]] is executed for witchcraft, the last such confirmed execution in Norway.
* In [[Amsterdam]], the bank ''Wed. Jean Deutz & Sn.'' floats the first sovereign bonds on the local market. The scheme is designed to fund a 1.5 million guilder loan to the [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor]]. From this date on, European leaders commonly take advantage of the low interest rates available in the [[Dutch Republic]], and borrow several hundred millions on the Dutch capital market.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eeghen|first=I. H. van|title=Buitenlandse manopolies van de Amstersamse kooplieden in de tweedee helft van de zeventiende eeuw|journal=Jaarboek Amstelodamum|year=1961|volume=53|pages=176–184}}</ref>
* A large unidentified tropical volcanic eruption causes colder temperatures, crop failure, food shortage and mortality in north-western Europe.<ref name="volcanology">{{Cite journal|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=389|date=January 1, 2020|title=Complexity in crisis: The volcanic cold pulse of the 1690s and the consequences of Scotland's failure to cope |last1=D'Arrigo|first1=Rosanne|last2=Klinger|first2=Patrick|last3=Newfield|first3=Timothy|last4=Rydval|first4=Miloš|last5=Wilson|first5=Rob|issn=0377-0273|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106746|bibcode=2020JVGR..38906746D |hdl=10023/21075|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* A [[Anglo–Swedish skirmish (1695)|naval skirmish]] occurs between English and Swedish ships en-route to Portugal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolke |first=Lars Ericson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3lVBgAAQBAJ&dq=Livland+Per+Olsson+1695&pg=PT55 |title=Lasse i Gatan: Kaparkriget och det svenska stormaktsväldets fall |date=2015-01-22 |publisher=Svenska Historiska Media Förlag AB |isbn=978-91-87031-94-6 |language=sv}}</ref>
* The [[Great Famine of 1695–1697]] begins as the [[Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97)]] in Swedish Estonia and spreads across [[Finland]], [[Latvia]], [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]], while the "[[seven ill years]]" of famine in [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] are ongoing.</onlyinclude>